Psychopathology Exam 3

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder misconception

It is NOT a high sex drive or “addiction” but instead involves little or no interest in sexual activity including fantasies and masturbation

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder

Reduced sexual interest activity fantasies arousal to cues and pleasure during most sexual encounters often causing distress

Premature Ejaculation

Ejaculation within about 1 minute of penetration and before desired most common male sexual dysfunction affecting about 21% especially younger men

DSM-5 Paraphilia Criteria

Paraphilia is only a disorder if it causes distress impairment or harm or risk of harm to others

Gender Differences in Paraphilic Disorders

Much higher prevalence in males than females across most paraphilic conditions

Normal vs Abnormal Sexual Behavior

Normative Sexual Behavior

Refers to what is common or average in a population rather than morally “right”

Cultural Considerations in Sexuality

Beliefs and practices about sex vary widely across cultures affecting what is seen as acceptable

Gender Differences Masturbation Rates

72% of men vs 42% of women report ever masturbating likely due to ease and emphasis on male gratification

Sexual Self Schemas

Beliefs individuals hold about their own sexuality influencing behavior and attitudes

Gender Differences Sexual Beliefs

Women emphasize romance and emotion while men emphasize dominance and have fewer negative beliefs

Sexual Dysfunctions Definition

Human Sexual Response Cycle

Includes phases of desire arousal orgasm and resolution used to understand dysfunctions

Lifelong vs Acquired Dysfunction

Lifelong present since first sexual experiences acquired develops after normal functioning

Generalized vs Situational Dysfunction

Generalized occurs in all situations situational occurs only in specific contexts

Psychological vs Combined Factors

Dysfunctions may be caused by psychological factors alone or combined with medical conditions

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder Details

Includes reduced thoughts initiation excitement and pleasure across encounters

Erectile Disorder

Difficulty achieving or maintaining erection despite intact desire most common reason men seek treatment increases with age

Delayed Ejaculation

Marked delay or inability to ejaculate treatment is rarely sought

Female Orgasmic Disorder

Delay absence or reduced intensity of orgasm not due to stressors or relationship issues

Genito Pelvic Pain Penetration Disorder

Sexual Behavior Assessment Methods

Includes interviews medical exams medication review and psychophysiological measures

Penile Strain Gauge

Device measuring male erection response to stimuli

Vaginal Photoplethysmograph

Device measuring blood flow changes in vagina indicating arousal

Key Sexual Assessment Questions

Biological Causes Sexual Dysfunction

Include illness medications alcohol drugs and chronic disease

Psychological Causes Sexual Dysfunction

Include anxiety negative thoughts avoidance and trauma history

Sociocultural Causes Sexual Dysfunction

Include erotophobia poor relationships lack of communication and cultural attitudes

Erotophobia

Associating sexuality with fear anxiety or negativity often due to upbringing or trauma

Masters and Johnson Treatment

Sensate Focus

Sexual activity focusing on sensation rather than orgasm to reduce pressure

Medical Treatments Erectile Dysfunction

Include Viagra injections testosterone implants surgery and vacuum devices

Female Sexual Dysfunction Treatment

Few effective medical options compared to male treatments

Paraphilic Disorders Definition

Sexual Sadism Disorder

Sexual arousal from inflicting pain or humiliation on others

Sexual Masochism Disorder

Sexual arousal from experiencing pain or humiliation

Transvestic Disorder

Sexual arousal from cross dressing associated with distress typically in heterosexual males

Paraphilic Development Model

Suggests learned associations reinforcement and conditioning contribute to atypical arousal patterns

Paraphilic Disorder Treatments

Covert Sensitization

Imagining negative consequences to reduce arousal to inappropriate stimuli

Orgasmic Reconditioning

Masturbating to appropriate stimuli to shift arousal patterns

Gender Identity

Gender Dysphoria

Distress due to mismatch between experienced gender and assigned gender causing impairment

Gender Dysphoria Prevalence

Relatively rare more common in males 5–14 per 1000 vs 2–3 per 1000 females

Cultural Views Gender Diversity

Some cultures respect and revere nontraditional gender identities

Biological Factors Gender Dysphoria

Likely genetic influence with 60–70% variance and possible prenatal hormone effects

Substance Use

Ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social educational or occupational functioning

Hallucinogens

Class of drugs that primarily alter sensory perception causing hallucinations and distorted reality

Withdrawal Danger

Withdrawal from psychoactive substances can be dangerous and even life threatening (e.g. alcohol delirium tremens) making the statement false

Biological Influence on Substance Use Disorders

Substance use disorders are influenced by both biological and psychological factors making the statement that they are purely psychological false

Substance Intoxication

Substance Dependence

Pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment and distress often involving tolerance and withdrawal

Tolerance

Needing increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the same effect or experiencing reduced effect from the same dose

Withdrawal

Physical and psychological symptoms that occur when substance use is reduced or stopped after regular use

Substance Use Disorder Criteria

Depressants

Substances that slow central nervous system activity causing sedation and relaxation

Stimulants

Substances that increase alertness energy and mood by stimulating the central nervous system

Opiates and Opioids

Substances that produce analgesia and euphoria by acting on opioid receptors

Hallucinogens Category

Drugs that alter perception thinking and sensory experience

Other Drugs of Abuse

Include inhalants and anabolic steroids

Alcohol Use Disorder CAGE

Alcohol CNS Effects

Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant that enhances GABA activity and affects multiple neurotransmitters

Alcohol Intoxication

Short term effects including impaired coordination judgment and slowed brain activity

Alcohol Withdrawal

Includes symptoms like tremors anxiety and severe cases like delirium tremens

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Developmental problems in fetus caused by alcohol exposure during pregnancy

Long Term Alcohol Effects

Can lead to dementia and Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome due to brain damage

Alcohol Disorder Progression

Alcohol and Violence

Alcohol does not cause violence directly but increases impulsivity making violent behavior more likely

Sedatives Hypnotics Anxiolytics

Synergistic Depressant Effects

Combining depressants can greatly increase risk of overdose due to amplified CNS suppression

Stimulants Overview

Amphetamines Effects

Cause euphoria increased energy reduced fatigue followed by crash with fatigue and depression by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine

Cocaine Effects

Produce short lived euphoria and energy by blocking dopamine reuptake

Nicotine Effects

Tobacco and Mood

Smoking may temporarily improve mood but is associated with higher rates of depression in dependent users

Caffeine Effects

Caffeine Mechanism

Blocks adenosine receptors preventing fatigue signals in the brain

Opiates vs Opioids

Opioid Effects

Activate endorphin systems causing euphoria drowsiness and slowed breathing with severe withdrawal symptoms

Endogenous Opioids

Brain produces enkephalins beta endorphins and dynorphins that mimic opioid effects

Cannabis Effects

THC

Active ingredient in cannabis responsible for psychoactive effects

Anandamide

Naturally occurring brain chemical similar to THC

Cannabis Tolerance

Evidence is mixed on whether tolerance develops consistently

Hallucinogen Effects

Examples of Hallucinogens

LSD psilocybin mescaline PCP

Hallucinogen Tolerance

Builds quickly but resets after short abstinence periods

Inhalants

Inhalant Examples

Include spray paint hair spray gasoline paint thinner and nitrous oxide

Inhalant Effects

Cause tolerance withdrawal and serious physiological damage

Anabolic Steroids

Steroid Dependence

Driven by desire to maintain physical effects rather than intoxication

Steroid Side Effects

Include long term mood disturbances such as aggression or depression

Agonist Substitution Therapy

Antagonist Drugs

Block or counteract pleasurable effects of substances reducing reinforcement

Aversive Treatment

Uses drugs that create unpleasant reactions to discourage substance use

Biological Treatment Limits

Often ineffective alone but useful for managing withdrawal symptoms

Psychological Treatment Approaches

AA and NA

Peer support groups that may help recovery though research findings are mixed

Controlled Drinking vs Abstinence

Treatment may focus on moderation or complete avoidance depending on goals

Component Treatment

Combines multiple methods such as therapy and contingency management

Comprehensive Treatment

Relapse Prevention

Focuses on coping skills and understanding relapse as failure of coping strategies rather than moral failure

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Kleptomania

Impulse control disorder involving inability to resist stealing unnecessary items often comorbid with mood and substance disorders

Pyromania

Irresistible urge to set fires rare and treated by identifying triggers and alternative behaviors

Gambling Disorder

Gambling Biological Basis

Shares genetic and neurological similarities with substance use disorders

Gambling Treatment

Includes cognitive behavioral therapy relapse prevention and behavioral strategies like limiting access to money

Cluster A Personality Disorders

Odd thinking and eccentric behavior (includes paranoid

Cluster B Personality Disorders

Dramatic and erratic behavior (includes antisocial

Cluster C Personality Disorders

Severe anxiety and fear (includes avoidant

Personality disorders typically present as individual diagnoses with low comorbidity

False—there are very high comorbidity rates across personality disorders and with other mental disorders

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Kleptomania

Inability to resist urges to steal unnecessary items; often begins in adolescence

Pyromania

Rare disorder involving irresistible urges to set fires; treatment focuses on identifying triggers and practicing alternative behaviors

Gambling Disorder

Gambling Disorder Treatment

Includes CBT

Dimensional Model of Personality Disorders

Approach where individuals are rated on degree of traits rather than categorical diagnosis

Five Factor Model (Big Five)

Prevalence of Personality Disorders

Affect about 10% of the population and typically begin in childhood with chronic course if untreated

Etiology of Personality Disorders

Gender Differences in Personality Disorders

Men show more aggression/detachment (e.g.

Cluster B Personality Disorders

Characterized by dramatic

Cluster C Personality Disorders

Characterized by anxious and fearful behavior

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Paranoid Personality Disorder Causes and Treatment

Linked to early experiences of mistrust; treatment focuses on building trust and reducing negative thinking patterns

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Schizoid Personality Disorder Treatment

Focuses on building social skills

Schizotypal Causes and Treatment

Linked to genetic vulnerability and trauma; treated with CBT

APD Causes

Includes genetic predisposition

APD Treatment

Difficult due to lack of motivation; focuses on prevention