CBCE Study Guide

A comprehensive collection of vocabulary and definitions for key concepts discussed in the CBCE Study Guide.

Process addiction

A type of addiction involving compulsively engaging in a behavior or activity instead of using substances like drugs or alcohol.

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Developed by Sternberg, it includes analytic, creative, and practical reasoning.

Analytic intelligence

Involves executive processes such as analyzing, comparing, and evaluating.

Creative intelligence

Involves creating and designing new ways to solve problems.

Practical intelligence

Applying knowledge to everyday life and common sense.

Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT)

A test measuring analytic, creative, and practical intelligence through multiple-choice items.

Career Adaptability

Readiness and resources to cope with changing work and career conditions.

Career Maturity

A person's level of readiness and competence in making informed career decisions.

Career Decision-Making

Choosing a career path based on interests, values, skills, and opportunities.

Career Readiness

Preparedness to enter the workforce, encompassing skills and knowledge for employment.

Visual Reasoning Test

Measures nonverbal problem-solving and reasoning ability in assessments.

Ammons Quick Test

A brief IQ test providing insight into general cognitive ability.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test where clients tell stories based on ambiguous images.

Strong Vocational Interest Inventory (SVII)

Assesses interests and matches them to career fields.

Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS)

Measures discomfort with uncertainty affecting career decision-making.

Frank Parsons

Credited with starting career counseling, emphasizing testing and occupational information.

Forming stage

The initial stage where group members get to know each other.

Norming stage

The stage where group norms develop and members start to trust each other.

Performing stage

The stage where the group focuses on accomplishing goals.

Adjourning stage

The stage where the group ends and members reflect on accomplishments.

Jean Piaget's cognitive model

Describes stages of cognitive development including Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, and Formal operations.

Sensorimotor period

Stage from birth to 2 years, focused on immediate physical environment and object permanence.

Preoperational period

Stage from 2 to 6 years, where language and egocentric thought develop.

Concrete operational period

Stage from 7 to 12 years, where logical operations and reversible thinking begin.

Formal operations period

Stage from 12 years onwards characterized by abstract thinking.

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Gardner's hypothesis that there are several types of intelligences including linguistic, musical, spatial, and others.

IQ average

IQ levels typically range from 90 to 109, with lowest being 40 to 54 and highest 145 to 160.

Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS)

A multilevel survey achievement battery test.

Stanford Achievement Test Series

A widely used achievement test series for assessing academic skills.

Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT)

Measures academic achievement in reading, math, written and oral language.

Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (KTEA-II)

Another evaluation tool for academic achievement.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A personality assessment identifying preferences in perception and decision-making.

Extraversion vs. Introversion

A dichotomy in the MBTI representing energy sources from social vs. solitary activities.

Sensing vs. Intuition

A dichotomy in the MBTI on how information is gathered.

Thinking vs. Feeling

A dichotomy in the MBTI on decision-making strategies.

Judging vs. Perceiving

A dichotomy in the MBTI concerning lifestyle preferences.

Quantitative variables

Variables defined using numeric values.

Qualitative variables

Non-numeric variables used for categorizing data.

Discrete data

Units of measurement that cannot be divided.

Continuous data

Data that can be subdivided infinitely.

Phenomenology

A research approach focusing on exploring lived experiences.

Grounded Theory

A method of developing theories from data collected during research.

Ethnography

A qualitative method studying cultures and social groups in their natural settings.

Independent variable

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.

Dependent variable

The outcome variable that is measured in response to changes in the independent variable.

Fixed interval time sampling

Observing behavior at equal timed intervals.

Variable interval time sampling

Observing behavior at random intervals.

Fixed ratio schedule

Reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses.

Variable ratio schedule

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses.

Biopsychosocial Assessment

An evaluation considering biological, psychological, and social factors.

Cultural Formulation Assessment

Evaluates how cultural background influences experiences and mental health.

Apperception Test

A projective assessment revealing motives through storytelling about images.

Aptitude Test

Measures potential to succeed in tasks or careers.

Test-retest reliability

Assessing score stability over time using the same test on different occasions.

Validity

The accuracy of an assessment in measuring what it is intended to.

Content validity

The degree to which test items represent the construct being assessed.

Construct validity

The extent to which a test reliably measures a theoretical trait or construct.

Generalizability validity

The applicability of assessment results across different populations.

External validity

The accuracy with which the results of a study can be generalized.

Consequence validity

Evaluates the actual outcomes of using an assessment.

Criterion-related validity

Assesses how well a test correlates with other measures of the same ability.

Concurrent validity

Validity assessed when test and performance data are collected at the same time.

Standardization

Establishing uniform procedures for assessment use.

Synthetic validity

Creating a new test's validity by combining valid parts of other tests.

Convergent validity

A measure of how well a test correlates with other tests measuring the same construct.

Cross validation

Testing whether a model works on different groups.

Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT)

An intelligence assessment that does not rely on language skills.

Self-Directed Search (SDS)

A career assessment based on interests correlating with occupational paths.

Holland's theory

Vocational personality theory categorizing individuals based on career types.

Realistic Type

Prefers hands-on tasks involving tools, animals, and objects.

Investigative Type

Enjoys observational and analytical tasks in scientific fields.

Artistic Type

Favors creative and expressive activities over structured tasks.

Social Type

Prefers roles that involve helping and teaching others.

Enterprising Type

Enjoys leadership roles that involve influencing and persuading others.

Conventional Type

Prefers organized, systematic tasks involving data management.

Descriptive research

Involves observing and documenting behaviors without manipulation.

Comparative research

Involves comparing two or more groups on specific variables.

Quasi-experimental research

Involves comparison without full random assignment.

Experimental research

Involves testing effects with random assignment.

Blocking

A technique used in therapy to interrupt negative thoughts and behaviors.

Virtual Sandplay

Digital version of sandplay therapy for emotional expression.

Outcome Questionnaire 45 (OQ-45)

Measures client functioning, symptom distress, and interpersonal relations.

Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)

A 0-100 scale assessing overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning.

Reliability

The consistency of test scores across multiple administrations.

Type I error

False positive; concluding an effect exists when it does not.

Type II error

False negative; concluding no effect exists when it does.

Sample error

Variation in results due to not sampling the entire population.

Measurement error

Differences between observed scores and true scores.

Multiple regression

Statistical method predicting one dependent variable using multiple independent variables.

Independent t-test

Compares means of two independent groups for significance.

One-way ANOVA

Compares means of three or more groups for difference.

Dependent t-test

Compares means from the same group at different times.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Standardized test measuring various aspects of adult cognitive ability.

Bar graph

Graph depicting categorical data with non-touching bars.

Histogram

Graph showing frequencies of variables using touching bars.

Veracity

Refers to the truthfulness or accuracy of information.

Fidelity

Refers to loyalty or faithfulness to commitments and ethical standards.

Scatterplot

Graph showing the relationship between two continuous variables.

Boxplot

Graph displaying a dataset's distribution with median, quartiles, and outliers.

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)

Identifies underlying factors from a set of variables.