Minority Groups Exam 3

what are institutions

the structure of society
the way society meets its needs

every society has some form of each of institution that meets the needs for their society (family, education, gov, religion, and economics)

what is institutional racism

built into, supported by, and perpetuated by social institutions

it is the systematic and institutionalized policy or practice by which people are exploited or controlled because of their perceived physical characteristics

some institutions of higher education make use of native american images and symbols in creating mascots…that’s institutionalized racism

Policies, practices, and norms within institutions that produce racially unequal outcomes, even without explicit intent

other forms are classism and sexism

what is systemic racism

The interconnected network of institutions that collectively generate and maintain racial inequality

define ideology

a set of cultural values, beliefs, and attitudes that provide the basis for inequality and endorse / justify the interests of the dominant group

systems of class inequality rely on ideologies that include valuing the rich over the poor

we establish ideologies in which one group is viewed as less valuable than others

justify inequalities in terms of race / ethnicity, sex / gender, and sexuality

examples of two ideologies are androcentrism and heterosexism

what are racialized organizations

Organizations whose rules, practices, and resource distributions are shaped by racial meanings

Race influences who has power, who is included, and how people are evaluated.

define concerted cultivation versus natural growth

concerted cultivation is a middle-class parenting style…it involves structured activities, reasoning, negotiation skills…it presents advantages in school settings

deliberate and sustained effort to stimulate children's development and to cultivate their cognitive and social skills


natural growth is a working class / poor parenting style…it involved unstructured time, more freedom to explore their own choices and activities, schools misinterpret as lack of involvement…viewed children's development as unfolding spontaneously, as long as they were provided with comfort, food, shelter, and other basic support

it’s the accomplishment of natural growth

what is class (primary), race, and gender in parenting

class is primary factor for parenting styles but race and gender also shape safety concerns, discipline styles, expectations for children, and interactions with institutions

explain majority-minority schools

schools where students of color make up the majority
overlaps with lower funding, fewer experienced teachers, and higher poverty rates

define school segregation

segregation persists due to housing patterns, district boundaries, and policy choices

school segregation occurs because of neighborhood segregation because neighborhoods determine education, activities, insurance rates, employment, safety, and health

define concentrated poverty

residential areas—usually census tracts—where 30% to 40% or more of the population lives below the federal poverty line

leads to many issues

loss of businesses, loss of political power, lower property values, loss of medical facilities, and loss of revenue for public schools

what happened during the brown versus board of education

segregated schools were unequal and unconstitutional

a decade after the decision schools in the south remained segregated

the implementation was slow and met with resistance

resegregation has started agai

what is racial inequality in employment

define hiring discrimination (pager, braverman)

what area names and callbacks

research has shown that certain names can lead to racial discrimination concerning getting a job

white sounding names received 50% more callbacks than black sounding names

names like Brad and Kristen were top performing whereas Jermaine and Ebony got most callbacks among black sounding names

Names like Neil, Emily, Rasheed, and Aisha received the fewest callbacks

what is occupational segregation

define mass incarceration

what are the racial disparities in incarceration

criminal records and employment

crack vs powder cocaine sentencing disparities

health versus criminalization approaches to drug use

criminal justice system of racial control (Alexander)

what are controlling images in media

stereotypes and representation in media

portrayals of racial / ethnic groups in media

what is the purpose of affirmative action

what is the history of affirmative action

what are some debates of affirmative action

what are some controversies of affirmative action

what is prejudice

a negative attitude toward members of a group or social category

what is discrimination

the unequal treatment of people determined by their membership in a group