Health Science 1 EOC Review

tissues

composed of cells grouped by size, shape, and function

epithelial tissues

- protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces, and produces secretions

- skin = covers the outside of the body, lines the inside of the body

- membrane two thin layers of tissue that join together, cells may secrete a fluid

- squamos = epidermis

- cuboidal = dermis

- columnar = mucosa

connective tissue

supports and connects organs and tissue

adipose

type of connective tissue that store fat cells

cartilage

firm, flexible support of the embryonic skeleton and part of the adult skeleton

tendons

white bands of connective tissue attaching skeletal muscle to bone

ligaments

strong, flexible bands of connective tissue that hold bones firmly together at the joints (bone to bone)

muscle tissue

contracts and moves a body part

cardiac

- striated, involuntary

- contracts the heart

skeletal

- striated, voluntary

- attached to the skeleton

smooth

- nonstriated, involuntary

- provides movement in various body systems

nervous tissue

reacts to stimulation and conducts an impulse

lymphatic system

helps with drainage of excess fluids and fights infection with specialized cells called lymphocytes

respiratory system

- trachea divides into right and left bronchi

- bronchi branches into bronchioles

-bronchioles have alveoli at the ends of them

30 feet

how long is your alimentary canal

integumentary system

covers everything, first line of defense in fighting infection (skin)

nervous system

- fight or flight

- brain and spinal cord

- 12 cranial nerves

sensory system

sight, touch, taste, smell, sound

urinary system

- two kidneys (right and left) and from there you have ureters from each kidney

- ureters to the bladder

- from the bladder to the urethra

- 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra

endocrine system

- system of glands

- glands secrete hormones

osteocyte

bone cell

osteoblast

form bone cells

ossification

new minerals deposit to form bone

infant bones

what bones are soft and pliable because of incomplete ossification

ossify

bones become hard

long bones

found in the arms and legs

flat bones

bones of the skull, ribs, shoulder

irregular bones

spinal column

short bones

wrist (carpals)

epiphysis

end of the long bone

diaphysis

shaft of the long bone

endosteum

inner lining of the long bone

periosteum

around the outside of the long bone

axial skeleton

the axial is the skull, vertebral column, rib cage

appendicular skeleton

arms, legs, pelvis, scapula, clavicle (collar bone)

hyoid bone

doesn't touch or work with any other bones (unique)

shoulder girdle

made up of the clavicle, scapula, and the top of the humerus

pelvic girdle

head of the femur goes into the pelvis

diarthroses

moveable joints

ball and socket

one bone has a ball at one end, the other has a concave socket greatest range of motion

- ex. shoulder

hinge joint

move in one direction

- ex. elbow and knee

pivot joint

bones that rotate across each other

-ex. fingers, wrist, ankle, skull

gliding joint

bones with flat surfaces that slide across each other

- ex. wrist

amphiarthroses

partially moveable joints (ribs)

synarthroses

immovable joints, connected by fibrous connective tissue (skull)

bursa

fluid filled sac that contains the synovial membrane, lined by synovial membrane

synovial membrane

capsule that encloses a joint, lines the bursa contains synovial fluid

movement

skeletal muscle is attached to bone so it pulls on the bone when it contracts

mineral homeostasis

stores calcium and phosphorus (metabolize protein, calcium, and glucose) minerals re released into the blood when needed

hemopoiesis

(blood cell production) red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and other blood elements

yellow

what color marrow stores fat

abduction

adduction

supination

pronation

dorsal flexion

plantar flexion

medial rotation

lateral rotation

flexion

extension

rotation

circumduction

arthritis

inflammation or infection of the joint

osteoarthritis

- cause = aging joints, injury, and obesity

- tx. = exercise, weight control, rest and joint care, nondrug pain relief techniques to control pain, medicines, surgery, complementary and alternative therapies

rheumatoid arthritis

-chronic inflammatory disorder

-typically affects small joints (hands and feet)

- affects the lining of your joints,causing a painful swelling that can eventually result in bone erosion and joint deformity

- tx. = anti-inflammatory medication

gout

- sudden severe attacks of pain, redness, and tenderness in joints, often at the base of the big toe

- a complex form of arthritis

- can affect anyone

- men > women

- women susceptibility after menopause

- sometimes your body either produces too much uric acid or your kidneys excrete too little uric acid

- tx. = medications usually indicated

osteoporosis

- may be genetic (family background) hormonal, nutritional (diet), or related to lifestyle (such as lack of physical exercise)

-women more susceptible, looks like a sponge

- changing levels of estrogen remains the most culpable suspect

- tx. = hormone replacement and diet

rickets

- softening or weakening of the bones

- lack of vitamin d, calcium, or phosphate, lack of sunlight, diet lacking in vitamin d, breastfed babies

- tx. = replacing vitamin d and minerals, moderate exposure to sunlight

kyphosis

hunch back

lordosis

sway back

scoliosis

S curvature of the spine

subluxation

partial dislocation

dislocation

the bone is displaced

fracture

- a break in the bone

- tx. = diagnosis confirmed, reduction (closed or open), immobilization technique(s) (casting, traction (skin, skeletal))

sam splints

- invented by Dr Sam Scheinberg

- trauma surgeon in vietnam

- came up with the idea from a piece of gumś rapper

closed fracture

inside the skin (either closed or open reduction) (simple fracture)

open/compound fracture

broken bone that are protruding through the skin

comminuted fracture

when the bone is splintered into many pieces (open reduction)

greenstick fracture

small child (under 10 breaks bone)

kidneys

1. Most important excretory organ

- bean shaped, located between peritoneum and the back muscles (retroperitoneal), held in position by connective tissue, enclosed in an adipose capsule, protected by the ribs

external kidney

renal fascia and renal hilum

internal kidney

renal cortex (outer layer)

renal medulla (middle layer)

renal pelvis (innermost layer)

renal fascia

fibrous layer of connective tissue

renal hilum

indentation that gives the kidney its bean shaped appearance

renal cortex

composed of millions of microscopic functional units called nephrons

nephron

functional unit of the kidney, renal corpuscle, filtration

filtration

the mass movement of water and solutes from

renal corpuscle

where filtration occurs

gland

any organ that produces a secretion called hormones

endocrine glands

are ductless and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and only act on target cells

pituitary gland

- the master gland (controls all glands)

- size of a grape

- located at the base of the brain

- it has an anterior and posterior lobes

anterior lobe hormones

growth hormone, thyroid, adrenocorticotropic hormone, melanocyte

growth hormone

GH, normal growth of body tissues; stimulates body growth

thyroid stimulating hormone

TSH, stimulates growth and activity of thyroid cells to produce thyroid hormone; helps control body's metabolism

adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTH, stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland, a key factor in metabolism

melanocyte stimulating hormone

MSH, increases skin pigmentation

thyroid gland

- controls metabolism, heat production, and oxidation of cells (except of the brain and spleen)

- butterfly shaped

- located in the anterior neck on either side of the larynx, over the trachea

- makes thyroxine

- thyroxine and calcitonin

parathyroid glands

- four glands

- size of a grain of rice

- attached to the posterior thyroid

- secretes hormone: parathormone

thymus gland

- posterior to the sternum

- large during childhood but atrophy with age

- soldiers for tracking and killing

adrenal gland

- 2 adrenal glands; each located directly above each kidney

- cortex: outside; medulla: inside

- adrenaline (epinephrine)

male gonads

- sex glands

- testes (outside the body)

- in the scrotum

- testosterone

testosterone

- develops (primary hormone)

- primary and secondary sexual characteristics; stimulates maturation of sperm

female gonads

- sex glands

- ovaries (female; inside the male)

- in the pelvic cavity (estrogen or progesterone)(primary hormones)

pancreas

- located behind the stomach

- the endocrine portion is the Islets of Langerhans

- produces insulin

hormone control

negative feedback loop