APHG Urban Patterns Quiz

Central City (City)

urban settlement incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit.

Most cities are legal entities with defined boundaries

Urban Area

central city and its surrounding suburbs

EX: reading is the city and the surrounding suburbs are wyo, wilson, exeter, west reading

2 types of urban areas

urbanized area

urban area with atleast 50,000 people.

70% of the US lives here

urban cluster

urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 people

10% of the US lives here

Metropolitan Statisitcal Area (MSA)

method of measuring the larger functional area of a settlement

how much influence that city projects for MSA: city itself, counties next to it, and counties adjacent to them

includes an urbanized area with atleast 50,000 people

the county in which it is located

adjacent counties with a high population density and lots of people working in the central city

micropolitan statistical area (µSA)

SAME THING AS MSA BUT SMALLER

includes urbanized area with 10,000-50,000 people, country it is located in, and adjacent counties tied to the city

core based statisitcal area (CBSA)

any 1 MSA or µSA

both are included under this category

reading (city) are wyo (suburb) are both CBSA

includes everything execpt small towns and farms

388 MSA + 541 µSA = 929 CBSA

combined statistical area (CSA)

two or more contigious CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns

Any CBSAs near eachother

NYC and Philly are CSAs because they are within driving distance of each other

Primary statistical area (PSA)

a CSA and an MSA not included in a CSA, or a µSA not included in a CSA

city that is alone, like Junea, Alaska or Reno, Nevada

Central Business District

Core of the city where public, business, and consumer services cluster

usually downtown. older cities usually along bodies of water and near the original site of settlement

Services are attracted to the CBD because of accessibility

Public Services in CBD

city halls, courts, county and state agencies, libraries

in the CBD for easy access by people living in all parts of town

sports facilities and convention centers are found here to attract suburbanites and out of towners

placed here to stimulate business for downtown restaurants, bars, and hotels

Business Services in CBD

people in business services (advertising, banking) depend on proximity for professional colleagues

many professionals still exchange information through face to face contact

central location helps businesses that employ workers from all over the city

Consumer Services in CBD

retail services were once important to the CBD

changing shopping habits and residential patterns have reduced their importance in the CBD

Concentric zone model - E.W. Burgess; 1923

first model to explain how social groups are distributed within urban areas

according to this model, a city grows outward from a central area in concentric rings

the size and width vary, but the same types of rings appear in the same order

1. CBD - innermost ring (nonresidential activities)

2. zone of transition - industry & poor quality housing

3. zome of independent worker’s homes - modest older homes of stable, working-class families

4. zone of better residences - newer homes for middle class

5. commuter’s zone - small communities who commute to work

Sector model - Homer Hoyt; 1939

city develops in sector, not rings

certain parts of the city are more attractice for various activities

city grows in wedges and corridors extending from CBD once a district with high-class housing is built on edge of that district, farther out from the center

the best housing is in a corridor from downtown to the outer edge of the city

Multiple Nuclei Model - CD Harris & El Ullman; 1945

a city includes more than one activity center

EX: port, business center, univeristy, airport, park

some activities are attracted to particular nodes, whereas others try to avoid them

EX: pizza place by college; hotel by airport

heavy industry and high class housing rarely exist in the same neighborhood

the nodes of consumers and busness services around the beltway are called edge cities

edge cities

nodes of consumers and business services around the beltway

edge cities originated as suburban residences for people who worked in the central city, and then shopping malls and business servides were built to be near the residents

urban realms model

suggests several mutuaslly independent, self-contained nodes of development will emerge in a large metropolitan area, each the focus of its own market area

main difference between the urban realms and multiple nuclei models is that the urban realms model sees mega-cities as collections of several little realms that are interconnected

on the other hand, the multiple nuclei model sees cities as one single city-realm with multiple nuclei (commercial districts) within it

urban realms modekl proposed instead of nuclei, cities possessed realms, each realm was its own little city with all 4 different types of land use within them

3 models of urban structure

help us understand where people with different social characterisitcs tend to live within an urban area

social area analysis

the study of various living standards and ethnic background live within an urban area

urban areas in US are divided into census tracts that each contain 5000 residents and corresponds to neighborhood boundaries

concentric zone model

of two familes with same income and ethnic background - one lives in new home while other lives in older home - newer home is in outer ring and older home in inner ring

sector model

of two familes who own their homes, different incomes live in different sectors

multiple nuclei model

people with the same ethnic and racial makerup live near eachother

model cons

none of the models completely explain why different types of people live in different parts

models are too simple and fail to consider all the reasons people select a housing location

because all 3 models are based on early 1900s conditions, critics question their relevance to contemporary urban patterns