Lab Practical 3

List all the functions of the urinary system

• regulate water balance

• regulate acid-base balance in blood

• regulate ionic composition

• regulate blood pressure and blood volume

• Stimulates blood cell production

• Activates vitamin D3

• Eliminates nitrogenous waste

• eliminates toxins

• eliminates drugs

What produces urine as a result of carrying out the major functions of the urinary system?

The kidneys

What transports urine from kidneys to bladder?

Ureters

What temporarily stores the reservoir for urine?

The bladder

What excretes urine from bladder out of the body?

Urethra

What delivers blood to the kidneys for processing?

The renal arteries

What carries blood away from the kidneys?

The renal veins

Where do the ureters enter?

The posterior aspect of the bladder

What mechanisms transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

Peristalsis and gravity

True or False: The ureters run in front of the peritoneum

False: it runs behind

What is the triangular region of the bladder base called?

Trigone

In males, what surrounds the neck of the bladder?

Prostate gland

What are the three layers of smooth muscle in the bladder called?

Detrusor muscle

What type of tissue is the mucosa of the bladder made up of?

Transitional epithelium

Describe the walls of the bladder when empty

The walls are thick and folded

When the bladder expands does it increase the internal pressure significantly?

No

Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

The urethra

How does urine exit the bladder (what mechanism)?

Peristalsis

What is the release of urine controlled by?

The internal and external sphincters

What type of tissue is the internal sphincter made of?

Smooth muscle

What type of tissue is the external urethral sphincter made up of?

skeletal muscle

What are the three differences between the male urethra and the female urethra?

Length, location, and function (males carry sperm as well)

Blank kidney is lower due to the position of the liver

Right

Where are the kidneys located?

Against the dorsal body wall

The outer region of the kidney

Renal cortex

The inner region of the kidney

Renal medulla

The inner collecting tube

The renal pelvis

A medial indentation where several structures enter or exit the kidney

Renal hilum

What structures enter/ exit the hilum?

Ureters, renal blood vessels, and nerves

What sits atop each kidney?

Adrenal glands

What surrounds each kidney?

Fibrous capsule

The outermost capsule that helps hold the kidney in place against the muscles of the trunk wall

Renal fascia

What are the two layers of fat called that the renal fascia divides?

Perirenal fat and pararenal fat

What fat surrounds the kidney and cushions against blows and helps attach it to the body wall?

Perirenal fat

What type of fat is outside the renal fascia?

The pararenal fat

What is it called when the position kidney position changes and drops in the body cavity probably due to the loss of perirenal fat?

Nephroptosis aka renal ptosis

Triangular regions of tissue in the medulla

Renal pyramids

Extensions of cortex-like material inward that separate the pyramids?

Renal columns

Cup-shaped structures that funnel urine towards the renal pelvis

Calyces

List the blood supply and flow through the kidneys (start from aorta)

Aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein, renal vein, inferior vena cava

What is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?

The nephron

What are the two capillary beds in the nephron?

glomerulus and peritubular capillaries

What is responsible for forming urine?

The nephron

What are the two main structures of the nephron?

The renal corpuscle and the renal tubule

What covers the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?

Podocytes

Food breakdown by physical forces

Mechanical digestion

List three examples of mechanical digestion

1. Mixing food in the mouth by the tongue

2. Churning food in the stomach

3. Segmentation in the small intestine

What prepares food for further degradation by enzymes?

Mechanical digestion

Enzymes breakdown food molecules into their building blocks

Chemical digestion

What are carbohydrates broken into?

Simple sugars

What enzymes breakdown carbohydrates?

amylase, lactase, fructase

What do proteins get broken down into?

amino acids

What enzymes break down proteins?

proteases (trypsin)

What are fats broken down into?

Fatty acids and glycerol alcohols

What enzyme breaks down fat?

Lipases

List all the organs of the alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)

• mouth

• pharynx

• esophagus

• stomach

• small intestine

• large intestine

• anus

List all of the organs that are a part of the accessory organs of the digestive system.

• salivary glands

• teeth

• pancreas

• liver

• gallbladder

What are the four layers of the alimentary canal?

1. Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. Musclaris externa

4. Serosa (visceral peritoneum)

What is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal?

Mucosa

What does the moist membrane of the mucosa consist of (tissues)?

Surface epithelium, small amounts of connective tissue, small smooth muscle layer

What is just beneath the mucosa?

Submucosa

Describe the submucosa?

Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatics

Name the three specific tissues of the mucosa

1. Epithelium

2. Lamina propria

3. Muscularis membrane

Name the two layers of smooth muscle of the muscularis externa

1. Circular layer

2. Outer longitudinal layer

What is the outermost layer of the alimentary canal?

The serosa

What are the two layers of the serosa?

1. Visceral peritoneum

2. Parietal peritoneum

What peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

Parietal peritoneum

True or False: the serosa contains fluid producing cells

True

What peritoneum is the innermost layer and wraps the canal organs?

Visceral peritoneum

Visceral smooth muscle shows rhythmic cycles of activity caused by…

Pacemaker cells

Blank causes waves that move a bolus

Peristalsis

Blank churns and fragments a bolus

Segmentation

What protects the anterior opening of the mouth?

Lips (labia)

What is the fleshy projection of the soft palate? What are the functions?

Uvula, speech and direct food

What forms the anterior roof of the mouth?

Hard palate

What forms the posterior roof of the mouth?

Soft palate

What are the three salivary glands?

1. Parotid glands

2. Submandibular glands

3. Sublingual glands

What is the function of salivary glands?

To empty secretions into the mouth

What is in saliva?

mixture of mucus and serous fluid

What are the functions of saliva?

• helps form a food bolus

• contains salivary amylase to begin stomach digestion

• dissolves chemicals so they can be tasted

What is deglutition?

Swallowing

How long is the esophagus?

10 inches long

What runs from the pharynx to stomach through the diaphram?

Esophagus

What are the functions of the esophagus?

Conducts food by peristalsis, passageway for food

True or False: the esophagus functions as a digestive chemical

False

What is the exposed part of the tooth called?

The crown

What is the hardest substance in the body?

Enamel

What forms the bulk of the tooth?

Dentin

What part of the tooth contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers?

Pulp cavity

Blank is where the pulp cavity extends into the root

Foot canal

What is the region that is in contact with the gum and connects the crown to root (tooth)?

The Neck region

In the root of the tooth what covers the outer surface and attaches the tooth to the periodontal membrane?

Cementum

What side of the abdominal cavity is the stomach located on?

The left side

What sphincter allows food to enter the stomach?

The cardioesophageal sphincter

What valve/ sphincter allows the food to empty into the small intestine?

Pyloric sphincter

What are the four regions of the stomach called?

1. Cardiac region

2. Fundus region

3. Body

4. Pylorus

Where is the cardiac region near?

The heart

Where is the fundus?

The expanded portion lateral to the cardiac region

What are the internal folds of the mucosa in the stomach called?

Rugae

What are the two external regions of the stomach called?

1. Lesser curvature (medial surface)

2. Greater curvature (lateral surface)