ap lecture exam 1

A collection of glands that produce hormones regulating metabolism, growth, and development, as well as bodily functions such as mood, sleep, and reproduction. Slower, longer lasting effects.

endocrine system

The organ system responsible for gas exchange, involving the lungs, airways, and respiratory muscles, facilitating the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide.

respiratory system

The organ system that circulates blood throughout the body, transporting nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products. It comprises the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

cardiovascular system

The organ system that coordinates and controls body activities through the transmission of electrical signals. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It has rapid short term effects.

Nervous system

skin and its associated structures like hair nails sweat glands. Body covering, protection, sensory reception, production of vitamin D

integumentary system

membrane of cranial and spinal cavity

meninges

membrane for lungs in the thoracic cavity

pleura

membrane for heart in the thoracic cavity

pericardium

the maitenance of stable internal conditions

homeostasis

serous membranes inner layer which covers the organ

visceral layer

serous membranes second layer which lines the wall of cavity

parietal layer

organelles can be…

membranous or non membranous

nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex

Membranous organelles (2 layers)

ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basal bodies

non membranous organelles

makes ATP to meet large energy requirements

mitochondria

largest organelle in most cells

nucleus

small membrane sacs that contain enzymes that digest proteins, carbs, nucleic acids, debris

lysosomes

detox the cell from drugs, alcohol, free radicals

peroxixomes

extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area for absorption

microvili

exocytosis , active transport, passive transport, antiport system are all ways that particles can

exit cell

active transport, passive transport, phagocytosis(large cell eating), pinocytosis( drinking in small particles outside the cell) and antiport system are all ways that a particle can

enter cell

movement of water across selectively permeable membrane from low solute concentrate to a high solute concentrate

osmosis

requires energy and is used to move substances up the concentration gradient (lower to higher)

active transport

same osmotic pressure, cells in this sollution have no gain or loss of water

isotonic solution

higher osmotic pressure, cells in this solution lose water, shrivel

hypertonic

lower osmotic pressure, cells in this solution gain water, swell

hypotonic

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are all

mitosis, the four stages if cell division

in this stage of cell division chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite directions of cytoplasm, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse

prophase

in this stage of cell division, spindle fibers from centrioles attach to chromosomes and align them midway between centrioles

metaphase

n this stage of cell division, the sister chromatids are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers

anaphase

The final stage of cell division where the chromosomes reach the opposite poles and the nuclear envelope begins to reform around each set of chromosomes. Nucleoli become invisible

telophase

not a part of mitosis, state of normal cell function where DNA replication occurs

interphase

programed cell death

apoptosis

a different number or location of parts

anatomical variation

a different function than normal

physiological variation

growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism, Respiration, Digestion, circulation, excretion

characteristics of life

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

requirments for living organism

anything that takes up space and has mass

matter

amount of matter present

mass

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic number

the number of protons plus the number of electrons in one atom, electrons don’t contribute because of them being so light

mass number

large particles carry a single positive charge

protons

large particles carry no electrical charge

neutrons

small particles carrying a negative charge

electrons

elements are formed by

atoms

matter is formed by

elements

consistis of a central nucleus (proton and neutrons) and electrons in constant motion around nucleus

atoms

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

make up 95% of human body

form when atoms combine with other atoms, result from interactions between the electrons of the atoms

chemical bonds

electrons of atom occupy regions of space called

electron shells

how many electrons can the first cell hold

2

how many electrons can the 2 and 3 shell hold

8

contain DIFFERENT numbers of NEUTRONS but the same number of protons and electrons. they have different atomic masses

isotopes

strong chemical bonds that formed when ions of opposite charge attraction

ionic bonds

strong chemical bonds formed between atoms that charge electrons

covalent bonds

more complex chemical structure is formed(A+B→AB)

synthesis reaction

chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure (AB→A + B)

decomposition reaction

chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed (AB CD→AC DB)

exchange reaction

the products can change back to the reactants (AB< - > A+B)

reversible reaction

insoluable in water but soluble in organic solvents. Include triglycerides(fats), phospholipids, steroids

lipids

(single sugars) glucose fructose

monosaccharides

(double sugars) sucrose lactose

disaccharides

(complex carbohydrates) starch glycogen cellulose

polysaccharides

used as structural materials, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes, antibodies. Consists of building blocks called amino acids

proteins

molecules made from nucleotides like RNA and DNA

nucleic acids

genetic code

DNA

protein synthesis

RNA

major part of cell containing genetic material , directs cells activities

nucleus

major part of cell consisting of organelles with specific functions, suspended in liquid called cytosol

cytoplasm

major part of cell that is the barrier separating the cells interior from external environment

cell membrane

fluid outside cell the cells are suspended in

extracellular/interstitial fluid

fluid inside the cell

cystol(intracellular fluid)

all the contents inside of the cell

cytoplasm

function include isolation of cell from surrounding extracellular fluids, regulation of exchange materials within the environment, sensitivity to changes in the extracellular fluid, structural support of cell

plasma membrane

made of proteins and RNA, responsible for protein synthesis

ribosomes

gives cell its shape and provides stucture and helps direct movement through the cell

cytoskeleton