B1.1 Carbohydrates and liqids

Name the number of carbons in a nucleotide that bonds the 3 components

list the 3 types of carbon compounds and an example for each

1. straight: saturated fatty acid

2. branched: glycogen

3. cyclic: cholesterol

what is the function of monosaccharides

• source of ATP in cells

• used as building blocks to make macromolecules

give an example of the condensation and hydrolysis of a macromolecule

fructose + glucose —> sucrose

what is the difference between alpha and beta glucose? what is the effect of this?

• alpha has hydroxyl below

• beta has hydroxyl above

• creates diff specificity for operations such as enzymatic catalysis

give word equation of maltose formation from glucose. state type of bond.

alpha glucose + alpha glucose —> maltose + water

maltose bonded in1,4 glycosidic bond

3 contrasts of beta VS alpha glucose

beta is kiniker shape, alpha is straight

beta is rigid, alpha is flexible

beta provides structural function, alpha provides energy storage function

describe the solubility of glucose

• polar due to hydroxyl

• O in the ring is slightly negative

• 1,4 glycosidic bonds in glucose and hydrogen bonds in water are dissolved easily, so glucose can be transported in blood or fluid between cells

2 reasons of glucose stability

1. cyclic structure

2. intramolecular bonds are all covalent —> strong. thus intermolecular bonds are also stable

how does glucose yield chem. energy

• hydrolysis of: C6H12O6 + O2 —> CO2 + H2O

outline why polysaccharides are energy storage compounds

• can easily add or remove glucose compounds to mobolise and build energy stores

• insoluble due to large molecular size

what polysaccharides act as energy stores in plants and animals?

plants: starch

animals: glycogen

state how polysaccharides make good structural compounds

• straight chains can be grouped in bundles

• e.g. cellulose

state what starch is. (function, solubility, components)

• polysaccharides

• energy stores

• insoluble due to size

• composed of amylose + amylopectin

describe the bonds and shape of amylse and amylopectin

amylose:

• alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds

• straight

amylopectin

• alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds cross linekd with alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds

• branches

describe glycogen

• polysaccharide

• energy stores

• insoluble due to size

• polymer of alpha glucose

• similar bonds and structure to amylopectin, but more branches and shorter alpha 1,4 chains

describe cellulose

• polysaccharides

• sturcural function

• in plant cell wall

• polymer of beta glucose

• beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

• alternating orientations of glucose to give straight chain shape

• parralel chains cross linked by hydrogen bonds

what is the purpose of hydrogen bonds crosslinking beta glucose chains to make cellulose?

• hydrogen bonds are hydrophobic,

• cellulose becomes resisten to hydrolysis —> not broken down easily

• acts as a good structural compounds

what are glycoproteins components and function?

• carbs + protein

• functions for cell-cell recognition

  • markers on the cell plasma mem identify each other and interact accordingly

list 4 examples of lipids and its function

1. fat: energy stores and thermal insulation

2. oils: energy stores

3. waxes: plant waterproofing

4. steroids

   1. cholesterol: membrane structure

   2. hormones: chemical signaling

properties of lipids (polarity, structure, bonds, solubility

• non polar

• hydrophobic

• long chains or rings of C and H

• C-C, C-H non-polar covalent bonds

• soluble in non polar substances

• slightly soluble in polar substances

describe triglycerides and phospholipid components

triglyceride

• fats, oils

• glycerol and 3 faty aicds

phospholipid

• makes cell membranes

• glycerol, phosphate and 2 fatty acids

contrast saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. give one example of where each can be found.

• saturated only has single bonds, unstaurated has double and triple bonds

• saturated has high mp, unsaturated has low mp

• saturated is solid at rm, unsaturated in liquid at rm

  saturated: animals fats of endotherms, maintain homeostasis

  unsaturated: plant oils

define mono unsaturated and poly unsaturated

mono unsaturated: one double bond

poly unsaturated: >1 double bond

outline how triglycerides act as good energy store

• high energy density

• long term storage in adipose tissue

• insoluble in H2O —> only purposefully transported

outline how triglycerides act for thermal regulations

• distributed around the body for insulation

• has low thermal conductivity

draw a phospholipid

• components

• hydrophobic/ hydrophillic

• polarity

• saturation

describe the structure and polarity of a steroid.

• 4 ring structure

• non polar, can pass thru phospholipid bilayer

describe 2 functions of a steroid

structure: cholesterol provides rigidity to cell mem

hormones: estradioland testosterone are chemical signals (hormones)