Nutrition Jeopardy + Midterm Review

Organic Nutrients

Contain carbon; include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins.

Inorganic Nutrients

Do not contain carbon; include minerals and water.

Essential Nutrient

Must be obtained from food; body can't synthesize enough.

Deficiency Disease

Results from missing essential nutrient in diet.

Conditionally Essential Nutrients

Normally non-essential but essential under specific conditions.

Macronutrients

Nutrients needed in large amounts; include carbs, fats, proteins.

Micronutrients

Nutrients needed in small amounts; include vitamins, minerals.

Phytochemicals

Plant substances with potential health benefits; not nutrients.

Carotenoids

Reduce cancer risk; found in orange/red/yellow fruits.

Phenolics

Antioxidants; reduce cancer growth and heart disease risk.

Organosulfides

Improve immune function; found in garlic and cruciferous vegetables.

Alkaloids

Stimulants; examples include caffeine and nicotine.

Capsaicinoids

Provide pain relief; found in chili peppers.

Bomb Calorimeter

Device measuring calorie content in food.

Direct Calorimetry

Method to measure energy from food combustion.

Carbohydrates Energy

1g provides 4 kcal of energy.

Protein Energy

1g provides 4 kcal of energy.

Fat Energy

1g provides 9 kcal of energy.

Alcohol Energy

1g provides 7 kcal of energy.

Genetic Background

Inherited traits influencing health risks.

Family History

Health conditions in family affecting individual risk.

Unsafe Environmental Conditions

Hazards in surroundings increasing health risks.

Psychological Factors

Mental health aspects influencing disease risk.

NHANES

Survey assessing health status in US populations.

Epidemiology

Study of health problems in populations.

Epidemiological Studies

Research examining disease rates and causes.

FDA Regulations

Oversee health claims on product labels.

FTC Role

Protects consumers from deceptive practices.

Food Pyramid

Introduced in 1992 with four food groups.

MyPlate

Replaced MyPyramid in 2011 for dietary guidance.

Health Claims

Foods with high saturated fat can't qualify.

Gastric Juice

Contains mucus, HCl, and digestive enzymes.

Peristalsis

Involuntary muscle contractions in the esophagus.

Chyme

Mixture of food and gastric juice.

Dumping Syndrome

Rapid chyme flow to the small intestine.

Secretin

Stimulates bicarbonate release in the small intestine.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Stimulates bile release from the gallbladder.

Bioavailability

Nutrient's effectiveness in digestion and absorption.

Insoluble Fiber

Increases fecal bulk; found in whole grains.

Soluble Fiber

Delays stomach emptying; lowers blood cholesterol.

Lipids

Nutrients that do not dissolve in water.

Fatty Acids

Hydrocarbon chains found in lipids.

Saturated Fatty Acid

All carbon atoms filled with hydrogen.

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Contains one or more double bonds.

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

One double bond in the carbon chain.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

Two or more double bonds in the chain.

Fats

Solid at room temperature, contain fatty acids.

Oils

Liquid at room temperature, contain fatty acids.

Omega-3 fatty acid

Polyunsaturated fatty acid; first double bond at carbon 3.

Omega-6 fatty acid

Polyunsaturated fatty acid; first double bond at carbon 6.

Energy metabolism

Chemical pathways breaking down molecules for energy.

Catabolism

Pathways breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones.

Anabolism

Pathways building larger molecules from smaller ones.

Enzymes

Catalysts that remain unchanged during reactions.

Coenzymes

Organic compounds assisting enzymes in reactions.

B vitamins

Serve as coenzymes or components of coenzymes.

Adenosine Triphosphate

High-energy compound; energy currency of cells.

ATP breakdown

Releases energy by losing a phosphate group.

Adenosine Diphosphate

Formed when ATP loses its last phosphate group.

Phosphorylation

Anabolic reaction attaching phosphate group to ADP.

ATP cycle

Process of earning and spending energy via ATP.

Cytoplasm

Location where glucose breakdown initiates ATP production.

Aerobic metabolism

ATP production pathways requiring oxygen.

Anaerobic metabolism

ATP production pathways without oxygen.

Glycolysis

First phase of glucose catabolism.

Glucose

Primary energy source for CNS cells.

Fructose

Sugar that can be converted to ATP.

Galactose

Sugar that can be converted to ATP.

NAD+

Electron shuttle in oxidation reactions.

FAD

Another electron shuttle in oxidation reactions.

Retinoids

Preformed vitamin A compounds like retinol.

Retinol

Most active form of vitamin A.

Retinyl esters

Storage form of vitamin A.

Carotenoids

Pigments in fruits and vegetables, precursors to vitamin A.

Beta-carotene

Carotenoid converted to vitamin A by the body.

Xerophthalmia

Eye condition due to vitamin A deficiency.

RDA for vitamin A

Recommended intake is 700 to 900 μg RAE.

Teratogen

Agent causing birth defects, like excess vitamin A.

Epithelial cells

Cells forming protective body tissues.

Rod cells

Retinal cells essential for night vision.

Cone cells

Retinal cells essential for color vision.

Vitamin A deficiency

Can lead to keratin overproduction and blindness.

Food sources of vitamin A

Includes liver, eggs, and leafy greens.

5 major Food groups according to USDA

Fruits, veggies, dairy, grains, protein

Glucose

Primary fuel source for muscles and other cells

Glycogen

Highly Branched polysaccharide composed of linked glucose units. Primary stored form of glucose in liver and muscle.

Lactic Acid

When O2 is not available in a working cell, pyruvate will be converted into

Saturated fatty acid

A fatty acid with no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

Healthy People 20XX

Report put out every ten years based on science backed information

Glycogenesis

This metabolic pathway links glucose together for storage as glycogen

Factors that affect food choice

Stress level, mood, cost, life stage

Adequate intake for fiber in young male

34-38g per day

Nutrient requirement

Smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains nutritional health

Who develops DRI (Dietary reference intake)

FNB (food and nutrition board)

Phospholipid

Lipid chemically similar to triglyceride partially water soluble and good emulsifier

Disaccharide

Type of carb formed by condensation reaction

Polyunsaturated Fatty acid

Fatty acid with 2 or more double bonds with carbon chain

Oligosaccharides

short chains of 3 or more monosaccharides (at least 10) Raffinose and Stachyose are examples

Aerobic Metabolism

Metabolic pathway for ATP production that requires oxygen

Electron Transport Chain

Linked series of enzymes that synthesize water and ATP during aerobic metabolism