HIST 1302-US History II Unit 2 Test - Austin Community College, Georgia Xydes

Explain the reasons for farmers' economic distress in the years 1870-1900.

1. Banking system dominated by eastern commercial banks committed to gold standard.

2. In the South, lack of currency and credit drove farmers to the stopgap credit system of the crop lien.

3. Railroad system both capricious and unfair.

3.1 Railroads charge exorbitant freight to farmers while granting rebates to large shippers.

4. Rampant speculation that drove up price of land.

Name and locate the organizations formed by farmers to solve these problems, including the types of people who joined.

Farmers' Alliance: Northwestern Farmers' Alliance and Southern Farmers' Alliance. Reached out to African Americans, women, and industrial workers.

List the measures adopted by the Farmers' Alliances to help solve their problems.

Reached out to industrial workers as well as farmers.

Farmers' cooperatives created by "bulking" cotton to negotiate better pricing.

Set up trade stores and exchanges.

As cooperative movement dissolved, moved into politics.

List the Ocala demands.

Demanded the abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, free and unlimited coinage of silver, the establishment of sub-treasuries where farmers could obtain money at less than 2 percent on nonperishable products, and the election of U.S. senators by a direct vote of the people.

Trace the rise and fall of the Populist Party, explaining its rapid rise and rapid fall.

The Populist Party was the popular name of the People's Party. The rise of the Populist Party was the culmination of two decades of suffering among farmers of the South and West. The Populists supported policies to relieve the hardships of farmers and had an important impact on the politics of the 1890s.

The Populist Party gained national attention when they supported Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan as their presidential candidate. One of the reasons this led to a decline in the Populist Party is because nominating Bryan alienated the African-American populists. The Democrats decided to nominate Nebraska politician William Jennings Bryan for president. At the age of 36, he became the youngest-ever presidential candidate of a major party. The Populist Party agreed to nominate him as well, over the objections of African-American delegates. The African-American Populists pointed out that the Democratic Party completely failed to support their rights, cheating and betraying African Americans in the South. The white Populists, hoping that an alliance with the Democrats would bring victory, ignored their appeal.

Despite his talent as a speech-maker, Bryan lost the hard-fought election to Republican William McKinley, who campaigned on the slogan of "sound money"

Explain the purpose of Coxey's Army, and examine its success.

Jacob S. Coxey convinced that men could be put to work building badly needed roads for the nation, Coxey proposed a scheme to finance public works through non-interest bearing bonds.

Started from Ohio with 100 men, marched to Washington on to capital grounds where he was jailed and the movement soon dissolved because it was leaderless.

Despite the publicity his group received, it had no impact on public policy; however, it inspired other marches and was symptomatic of the unrest among working people. The venture came to an ignominious end when Coxey and some of his followers were arrested for trying to speak from the Capitol steps and jailed for trespassing on the lawns of the Capitol.

Describe the causes and effects of the Pullman strike.

Pullman: Pullman moved his railroad car plant and workers to a model town that he built and owned. He charged rent that was 10-20% higher than nearby communities. With the depression, workers saw their wages slashed and Pullman took rent out of workers checks. Workers labor problems spoke to economic inequity and the company's attempt to contract the work process via piecework for day wages and undermining skilled craft workers. Resulted in peaceful boycott of led by Eugen V. Debs. President Cleveland's hand was forced to bring in 8,000 troops into Chicago which resulted in immediate violence. Debs was jailed and the ARU collapsed. Pullman reopened factory replaced with all new workers.

Describe the causes and effects of the Homestead strike.

Homestead: Steelworkers in Pennsylvania squared off against Andrew Carnegie over right to organize in the Homestead steel mills. Amalgamated Iron and Steel Workers, one of the largest and richest unions of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), attempted to renew its contract at the mill Carnegie pushed them out since they were a minority of the workers. Hired mercenaries from Pinkerton National Detective Agency hired at double rate of mill workers. Pitting the workers' right to their jobs against the rights of private property. Misguided assassination attempt against Henry Clay Frick by Alexander Berkman turned public opinion against the workers. Assassination attempt linked anarchism and unionism. Homestead mill reopened with the union leaders being blacklisted in every steel mill in the country.

Describe the causes and effects of the Cripple Creek miner's strike.

Cripple Creek: After economic depression of 1893 silver mines fell on hard times and tried to move from an 8 to 10 hour work day. Western Federation of Miners (WFM) vowed to hold the line and threatened to strike. Half the mine owners caved. Miners received support from local business and grocers in the result of extended credit. Governor Davis Waite, a Populist, sided with the miners. He acted as an arbitrator for the miners and the union won the 8 hour work day. Demonstrated the pivotal power of having a Populist in power could make. After Waite was out of office, mine owners relied on state troops to take back the mine, defeating WFM and blacklisting its members.

Identify William Jennings Bryan and the principles he stood for.

36 year old from the Democratic Party who called for free silver. From Nebraska, spoke at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago of 1896 with a passionate call for free silver, he was a Populist. He cataloged the grievances of farmers and laborers. "Do not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." He was the youngest nominated to run for president.

Identify Eugene Debs and his role in the workers' movements.

Eugene Victor Debs was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States.

Describe the major organizations run by women: the WCTU and Suffrage.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) - Called for temperance and woman suffrage

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) - Women's right to vote, woman suffrage, property rights and custody rights.

Define the terms "manifest destiny" and "imperialism" as used in the late 1800's.-

Manifest Destiny: The "obvious" right to expand the nation from ocean to ocean.

Imperialism: Control over other peoples through annexation, military conquest, or economic domination

Discuss how American expansion in the 1890's differed from earlier expansion.

Up to this point most expansion was westward and most were intended for settlement. The island possessions were already populated and intended to be used as naval bases, trading outposts, or commercial centers on major trade routes. Most were viewed as colonies, not states-in-the-making.

List the reasons why the United States moved from "splendid isolation" to a world power by 1900, including the groups that were for and against it.

The depression of the 1890s provoked American commercial expansion.

American businesses looked abroad for profits.

Business expected the government's power and influence to protect their investments.

Standard Oil among businesses that used US governments as their agents

Explain the connection between imperialism and Darwin's theory of evolution.

Social Darwinism was a sociological theory popular in late nineteenth-century Europe and the United States. It merged Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and Herbert Spencer's sociological theories to justify imperialism, racism, and laissez-faire (i.e. conservative) social and economic policies.

Trace America's involvement in China from the Boxer Rebellion to the Open Door Policy.

American missionaries intent on spreading Christianity to the "heathen" of China. 1858 agreement (Tianjin treaty) admitted foreign missionaries to China. Christians converted 100,000 of the population. The Boxers aka Righteous Harmonious Fist hunted down and killed Chinese Christians and missionaries. Killed almost 30,000 Chinese converts and 250 foreign nuns, priests, and missionaries. August 1900, 2,500 US troops sent to rescue foreigners and put down uprising in Chinese capital.

Describe the events leading to the American annexation of Hawaii.

American sugar interests fomented a rebellion in 1893, toppling the Queen Lili' uokalani. They pushed Congress to annex the islands to avoid the high McKinley tariff on sugar.

Locate the areas of American expansion as a result of the Spanish-American War.

Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam

List the long and short-term causes of the Spanish-American War.

Began as humanitarian effort to free Cuba from Spanish colonial grasp.

American business has more than $50 million invested in Cuban sugar.

Yellow journalism, Delome Letter, and The Explosion of the Maine.

Define "yellow journalism" and "jingo politician" and explain their role in the war.

Yellow Journalism: Term first given to sensationalistic newspaper reporting and cartoon images rendered in yellow. A circulation war between two New York City papers provoked the tactics of yellow journalism that fueled popular support for the Spanish-American War in 1898.

Jingo Politician: Jingo Politicians a person who professes his or her patriotism loudly and excessively, favoring vigilant preparedness for war and an aggressive foreign policy

Yellow Journalism

Term first given to sensationalistic newspaper reporting and cartoon images rendered in yellow. A circulation war between two New York City papers provoked the tactics of yellow journalism that fueled popular support for the Spanish-American War in 1898.

Jingo Politician

a person who professes his or her patriotism loudly and excessively, favoring vigilant preparedness for war and an aggressive foreign policy

Describe the main military actions of the Spanish-American War.

President McKinley dispatched battleship Maine to Cuba.

1898, mysterious explosion aboard Main, killing 267 members

Congress declared war on Spain

Roosevelt resigned navy post and formed Rough Riders regiment

Rough Riders have decisive victory in battle of San Juan Hill

Identify the role played by "smoked Yankees" in the war.

These were the black soldiers fighting in the Spanish American war, they made up 25% of the recruits for the war.

Explain how America acquired Midway, Hawaii, and Samoa.

Midway Islands - In 1869, Secretary of State William H. Seward orchestrated the nation's annexation of the islands. The following year, Congress appropriated $50,000 for the construction of a ship channel into a central lagoon area, which provided a safe harbor for vessels crossing the Pacific. Midway served as a refueling point for Pan-American flights in the 1930s and 1940s.

Hawaii- Queen tried to take over the government but the armed forces shut down the revolt

Samoa- the United States signed a treaty for the establishment of a naval station in Pago Pago Harbor. An 1899 agreement between colonial powers divided Samoa into spheres of influence: Germany gained control of the western islands, and the United States took the eastern islands

Explain why American actions in the Philippines became an occupation.

Filipino revolutionaries who had greeted US troops as liberators eventually fought the new "masters" which resulted in a seven year war and 4000 dead Americans.

Explain the effects of the war on American culture and psychology.

The war drowned out the calls for social reform that had fueled the Populist politics of the 1890s.

A new generation of progressive reformers championed the unfinished reform agenda in the upcoming century.

Define settlement homes and the role of Jane Addams.

Settlements established in poor neighborhoods beginning in the 1880s.

College educated women formed the backbone of the settlement house movement.

Jane Addams was the woman who founded the first community center which gave a place for immigrants to learn training, language, care, cooking classes

Describe the types of people drawn to the progressive movements

Upper middle class, well educated - 90% had college degree, often religious protestants, they had money to help and they wanted better futures

Define the role of the muckrakers, their similarities to progressives and their differences.

Muckrakers were the investigate journalists of that era that "dug up the dirt" on corruption and scandal and exposed them

Similar: attack businesses and corporations to get better futures, both wanted reform

Different: level of education, Progressives are usually WASP's, progressives are usually middle class

List the characteristics of muckrakers and progressives.

Muckrakers: investigative journalists, lots of times artists, writers, photographers

Progressives: usually middle to upper class, well educated - 90% had college degrees

Describe the areas targeted by both muckrakers and progressives, examining their successes and failures.

Tenement housing, slums, child labor, prisons, unsafe working conditions, poor pay, and corrupt government

Describe the Triangle factory fire and its effects on government policy.

Garment factory fire which resulted in 146 dead. Flame blocked one exit, other exit locked by factory bosses to prevent workers from stealing. As a result of the fire, WTUL lobbied for protective workers legislation that would limit working hours and regulate women's working conditions.

Define reform Darwinism and the social gospel and their role in the Progressive era.

Reform Darwinism: turning survival of the fittest into a business tactic

Social gospel: Idea that God gives you the money you've earned so you need to help the less fortunate with it

Progressives believed in social gospel and wanted to use their resources to further the future generations and eliminate corruption

Connect Teddy Roosevelt's biography to the development of his personality and ideas.

Describe the laws and actions Teddy Roosevelt accomplished that were progressive.

As NY Governor, replaces patronage with civil service reform

Trust buster; to "fix bad co's." Railroads, JP Morgan, Rockefeller, beef, tobacco, standard oil - attacked the large monopolies.

Establishes Dept. of Commerce, Hepburn Act to regulate railroads.

Pure Food and Drug Act - because of Upton Sinclair's the Jungle.

Conservation: personally created 5 national parks, 18 national monuments, 4 game preserves, 51 bird preserves, and 150 national forests, 20 irrigation processes, 2 breeding fish in Alaska, hung out with environmentalists, saw no problem with conservation/hunting, you can use natural resources as long as you don't completely get rid of them, used presidential privilege to get around congresses greed to tear down natural resources

"Square Deal" for labor: government as neutral broker

Nobel Peace Prize ending Japanese-Russian conflict

Describe the laws and actions Teddy Roosevelt accomplished that could be considered conservative.

"Conservation"= multi-use

Prejudiced against blacks

Aggressive & very pro-war

Great White Hunter

"Big Stick diplomacy":

Walk softly with a big stick.

Enlarges military

"Great White Fleet". Sends fleet on world tour as show of force.

Panama Canal take-over

Offered $10 million to buy Panama Canal from Columbia. Columbia requested with $15 million. Assisted independent revolution of Panama to secure canal.

First U.S. President to travel outside of U.S. to indoctrinate Panama Canal.

10 mile wide zone is US territory as part of deal. Given back to Panama 25 years ago.

Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

Irony: Teddy Roosevelt gets Nobel Peace prize for brokering peace treaty

Negotiates peace treaty between Japan and Russia

Explain how America acquired the Panama Canal.

Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine by TR In his annual messages to Congress in 1904 and 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt expanded the Monroe Doctrine. The corollary stated that not only were the nations of the Western Hemisphere not open to colonization by European powers, but that the United States had the responsibility to preserve order and protect life and property in those countries.

Define the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, and where Roosevelt employed it.

US had the responsibility to preserve order and protect life in the Western Hemisphere.

Panama Canal.

Define Roosevelt's "square deal" and where he used it.

His job was to give labor and capital a "a square deal".

Government as neutral broker- every man should receive a "square deal" no more/no less

Filed antitrust suit against Northern Securities.

"Trust-buster" using Sherman Act against 43 trusts.

Handled anthracite coal strike in 1902

Explain the importance of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.

It vividly described the filthy conditions in meatpacking plants.

It played to people's emotions through their stomachs and lead to the Pure Food and Drug Act

Explain why Teddy Roosevelt lost the Republican nomination in 1912.

He was not elected because he advocated for the "square deal" and no one else wanted it. He was beat out by his protégé, so he formed a third party, the progressives

Three parties usually split the vote and allow the opposition to win.

America is shifting to the left/liberal/socialism

Explain the successes of the Progressive Party even though it lost the 1912 election.

Progressivism saw grassroots activists address social problems and state and local levels and search for national solutions.

By increasing power of president and expanding power of state, progressives worked to bring about greater social justice and better balance between government and businesses.

Define the differences between Taft's "dollar diplomacy", Roosevelt's "big stick" diplomacy, and Wilson's "moral diplomacy".

Taft's Dollar Diplomacy: a form of foreign policy to further its aim in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries. William. Taft becomes very conservative, undoes Teddy Roosevelt's programs. Starts selling national lands.

Teddy Roosevelt's "big stick" diplomacy: walk softly, carry a big stick"-use the big stick as a last resort

Wilson's "moral diplomacy": is the system in which support is given only to countries whose moral beliefs are analogous to that of the nation.

Explain the ways Woodrow Wilson continued Roosevelt's policies and the areas in which he differed.

Cultivated union labor, farmers, and social reformers.

For labor, he appointed a progressive to the Supreme Court.

For farmers, he threw support behind legislation to obtain rural credits.

Supported workers' compensation, child labor laws, ordered Congress to enact an 8 hour working day for railroad workers.

Explain why many Americans feared the IWW.

Boasted having 100,000 members who advocated direct action, sabotage, and the general strike.

Trace the shift in African-American strategy from Booker T. Washington to W.E.B. Du Bois.

Washington: Preached separate but equal which led to expansion of segregation.

Du Bois: Urged African-Americans to fight for civil rights and racial justice. Founded NAACP which sought legal and political rights for African-Americans through the courts.

Outline the causes of World War I.

Immediate cause: June, 1914 - assassination of Franz - Ferdinand, heir to Austria

Long-term causes: collapse of declining empires

Rise of new nation-states (Germany, Italy)

Rise of ethnic, nationalistic groups

Interlocking alliances

List the groups working to keep America from entering World War I and their reasons. Explain Woodrow Wilson's thinking in keeping America out of the war.

The pacifist movement also known as the anti war movement was very big at this time. We did not want to go to war. We didn't have the resources because we were drained from the Spanish American war. and when we were neutral we could sell products to everyone and make a lot of money

Describe the problems America experienced trying to remain neutral in the first years of the war.

America had business investments with majority of allies versus little investments with Germany. Chose to back larger investments. Sinking of Lusitania ships killing 128 Americans on board amongst the other 1200 dead forced America to get involved.

Name the decisive events that brought America into World War I.

Germany fired on the passengers too, Lusitania British ship leaves NY city leaves with a LOT of weapons in it's hold, a German submarine fires on the ship, (German's warned them that they were going to fire on it in the NY newspaper, the ship sunk in 18 minutes, almost 1200 out of 2000 drowned, 128 Americans were on board, this is when America started to get interested in what was involved, but we finally got involved with the Zimmerman telegram which was a telegram that got intercepted that had Germany telling Mexico to help fight against the US, this was the last straw for America

Describe a U-boat and its role in World War I.

Submarines existed before but they were more advanced and mass produced (German's were really involved in this) called them "U-Boat", they patrolled the waters and shot down war ships and struck terror into people, patrolled ports and islands so no one could leave or enter

Outline the general battle strategies of the war on both sides.

Germany's plan to defeat France was the Schlieffen Plan- the military would go through Belgium and go into Northern France and then into Paris, and that's how they'd defeat France, originally successful, but had a lot more resistance from the French than expected, defeat France 1st and then turn their attention to Russia or Great Britain

France's Plan 17- invade Germany through rivers and forests, from the border, met great resistance from Germany, therefore both sides get bogged down at a front. The front is about 475 miles long and there's fighting all along the front for four years with very little progress. Turns into a "trench" war they fight from the trenches, rotating the men from one trench to another every couple weeks, a lot of artillery fire

Describe the battle conditions and lives of ordinary soldiers during the war.

Trench war, could be in trenches for weeks or months at a time, a lot of disease and funguses, they became so bored they started making newspapers in the trenches. Certain things that were valuable to the war effort were rationed so there would be enough for the soldiers- meat, wheat, sugar

List the ways the United States financed its participation in the war.

Liberty bonds- the US citizens bought one and it helped pay for the war you loaned the government money

Victory Gardens-feeding your family off a garden in your backyard so you would use less of the vegetables the soldiers needed - Herbert Hoover

Rationing

income tax- on incomes over $4000 (normal salary is 1k) also an inheritance tax, workers cooperate with government

Explain the reasons the Allies won World War I.

Allies outlasted Germany aka the Central Powers, they were fighting two fights and were exhausted, bankrupt, and worn down. The US entered with new forces, resources, and able bodied men, they couldn't have outlasted the U.S. and they couldn't get into Paris namely because of U.S. troops

List the wartime powers Congress granted to President Wilson, especially the Espionage, Sedition, and Alien

Espionage Act- spying or aiding the enemy "disloyalty" was a 20 year prison term, 10,000 were jailed, 20,000 were sent to court- Eugene Debs was the head of the socialist party was sentenced two years in prison

Sedition Act- cannot slander-up to a 20 year prison sentence-they could open your private mail to search for German espionage

Alien Act- immediate deportation "subversives" aka anyone that they thought had connections to the enemies, no court sentence, hundreds were imprisoned for this

Define the "Red Scare", identify its targets, and describe its long-term effects on American society.

Red scare- Palmer raids anti-Russian movement

They started deporting anyone with ties to Russia, red shirt, Russian name, Russian birth parents, any ties, the U.S. was strongly against communism and didn't want it in this country, it also caused a LOT of prejudice against the Russians because neighbors were spying on each other and trying to catch communists, everyone was terrified- a lot of illegal search and seizure

Identify Sacco and Vanzetti and explain the importance of their legal case.

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian-born American anarchists who were convicted of murdering a guard and a paymaster during the April 15, 1920, armed robbery.

Showed how scared the American people were.

Explain the role of the War Industries Board and the term "arsenal of democracy".

War Industries Board= gov't control of industry- want large corporations again so you can mass produce things again- they controlled war production but clothing as well-non-stop production- no antitrust movements, protection for workers so there were no strikes- company profits went up 300%

"The arsenal of democracy" - supplied all the allies with food, weapons material

List the main items in Wilson's 14 Points.

It was his blueprint for a New Democratic world order.

An end to secret treaties

Freedom of the seas

Removal of economic barriers to free trade

Reduction of weapons of war

Recognition of the rights of colonized people

Next 8 supported the right to send determination of European people who had been dominated by Germany or it's allies, the fourteenth point called for a "general association of nations" a "League of Nations"