Memory Processes and Models

These flashcards cover key concepts about memory processes, types of memory, and mechanisms involved in encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Encoding

The process of getting information into the brain.

Storage

The process of retaining information over time.

Retrieval

The process of recalling or pulling out previously stored information.

Automatic processing

Effortless, unintentional encoding such as space, time, and frequency.

Systematic processing

Effortful encoding that requires attention and rehearsal.

Spacing Effect

The phenomenon where information rehearsed over time is better retained.

Visual encoding

Encoding information by appearance or images.

Acoustic encoding

Encoding information by sound.

Semantic encoding

Encoding information by meaning.

Sensory Memory

The initial recording of sensory information.

Echoic memory

A type of sensory memory that pertains to sound.

Iconic memory

A type of sensory memory that pertains to visual stimuli.

Short-Term Memory

Temporarily holds a limited amount of information.

Long-Term Memory

A type of memory capable of holding vast amounts of information for long periods.

Explicit Memory

Also known as declarative memory, requires conscious recall.

Implicit Memory

Non-declarative memory that does not require conscious recall.

Episodic Memory

A type of explicit memory for personal experiences.

Procedural Memory

A type of implicit memory for motor skills and procedures.

Retrieval Cues

Stimuli that aid in memory retrieval.

Priming

The activation of associations in memory.

State-Dependent Memory

The phenomenon where retrieval is improved when in the same state as initial encoding.

Retrograde amnesia

An inability to retrieve memories from the past.

Anterograde amnesia

An inability to form new long-term explicit memories.

Proactive Interference

When previously learned information hinders the recall of new information.

Retroactive Interference

When new information hinders the recall of previously learned information.

Tip-of-the-Tongue phenomenon

A retrieval failure where stored memories are just below the surface.

Misinformation effect

The phenomenon where memory is altered by misleading information.