Chapter 26 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary & Genital Systems

urinary system

two kidneys, two ureters, urinalysis bladder, urethra

female reproductive system

two ovaries, two uterine/fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva

male reproductive system

two testes, ducts system (epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra), accessory glands, penis

normal predominant vaginal microbes

Lactobacilli, Streptococci, Candida albicans yeast

normal microbes of the seminal vesicles

Propionibacterium, Prevotella, Lactobacillus

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

Diseases of the Urinary System: cystitis

inflammation of the urinary bladder, E. coli or Staphylococcus saprophyticus, dysuria and pyuria, more common in women than men

dysuria

difficult or painful urination

pyuria

pus in the urine

ureteritis

infection of the ureters

Diseases of the Urinary System: pyelonephritis

inflammation of one or both kidneys, 75% caused by E. coli, fever/back pain/flank pain, bacteremia, can become life threatening

most UTIs due to what bacteria

E. coli

Diseases of the Urinary System: leptospirosis

Leptospira interrogans, obligate aerobe spirochaete, most common zoonosis, headaches/muscular aches/ fever/kidney failure, rapid serological test

Diseases of the Genital Systems: Gonorrhea

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, G- diplococcus, attaches to epithelial mucosa by fimbriae, painful urination and pus in men, pelvic inflammatory disease in women

Opthalmia neonatorum

infant eye infection due to gonorrheal infection of the eyes

Diseases of the Genital Systems: chlamydiosis

Chlamydia trachomatis of Mycoplasma genitalium, most commonly reported STD in the U.S., often asymptomatic but can cause painful urination

Diseases of the Genital Systems: pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

extensive bacterial infection of female pelvic organs, usually N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis, chronic abdominal pain/salpingitis

salpingitis

infection of the uterine tubes

Diseases of the Genital Systems: syphilis

Treponoma pallidium, inflammatory response, primary/secondary/latent/tertiary stages

Syphilis stages

primary: chancre at infection site 2-3 weeks after exposure, painless, highly infectious

secondary: skin/mucosal rashes

latent: no symptoms

tertiary: appear years after latency, gummatous/cardiovascular/neurosyphilis types

gummatous syphilis

gummas on many organs

cardiovascular syphilis

weakens aorta

neurosyphilis

affects the CNS, dementia

Diseases of the Genital Systems: chancroid

Haemophilus ducreyi, tropical areas, painful ulcers of genitals and swollen groin lymph nodes

Diseases of the Genital Systems: bacterial vaginosis

Gardnerella vaginalis, vaginitis or vaginosis, pH above 4.5/fishy odor/frothy discharge

vaginitis

inflammation of vagina due to infection

vaginosis

no sign of inflammation

Diseases of the Genital Systems: genital herpes

HSV-2, ¼ people in U.S. over 30 have it, painful vesicles on genitals/painful urination, recurrences due to latency in nerve cells

Diseases of the Genital Systems: neonatal herpes

herpesvirus, crosses placental barrier and infects fetus, spontaneous abortion or serious damage, PCR tests

Diseases of the Genital Systems: genital warts

human papillomavirus (HPV), visible warts caused by species 6 and 11, cervical cancer caused by species 16 and 18, HPV vaccines

Diseases of the Genital Systems: candidiasis

C. albicans fungus, oral (thrush) or vulvovaginal (vaginitis) types, yeasty/thick/yellow discharge

Diseases of the Genital Systems: trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis protozoan,

NAAT

nucleic acid amplification tests, can test for chlamydia/gonorrhea/trichomoniasis