UTS 2

Sociological perspective

of the self is based
on the assumption that the view of oneself is
formed through the interactions with others

Sociology

is a scientific study of social groups
and human relationships generates new
insights into the interconnectedness between
the self and other people

URIE BRONFENBRENNER

Believed that human development is
shaped by the interaction between the
individual & their environment

ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY

This theory explains how the qualities of an
individual (innate) and their environment

interact to influence their growth and self-
development.

MICROSYSTEM

is the setting in which we have direct social
interactions with these social agents. The
theory states that we are not mere
recipients of the experiences we have
when socializing with these people in the
micro system environment, but we are
contributing to the construction of such
environment

MESOSYSTEM

involves the relationships between the
microsystems in one's life. This means that
your family experience may be related to
your school experience. The key point is
that what happens in one microsystem
affects what happens in another
microsystem

EXOSYSTEM

The setting in which there is a link between
the context where in the person does not
have any active role, and the context
where in is actively participating.

MACROSYSTEM

this refers to the actual culture of an
individual. The cultural contexts involve the
socioeconomic status of the person and/or
his family, his ethnicity or race and living

CHRONOSYSTEM

the transitions and shifts in one's lifespan
which involve the socio-historical
contexts that may influence a person.

PROCESS

primary mechanism of development and
represents the interactions between
person and context factors.

PERSON

individual characteristics, such as age,
gender, and competency, that interact with
the setting to influence development.

CONTEXT

includes the systems of Bronfenbrenner’s
original ecological systems theory
described earlier.

TIME

Development is largely induced by
proximal processes that occur on a regular
basis over extended periods of time

MILTON ROKEACH

a Social Psychologist studied the Open
and Close Mind, together with his
colleagues have unfolded in response to
the border crossing in globalizing world,
individuals and groups are opening and
closing its doors based on their needs,
interest, wishes, anxieties, or
uncertainties.

DIALOGICAL THEORY

in this theory, the self is considered
as the society of mind which functions as a

dynamic multiplicity of embodied I-
positions among which dialogical

relationships can be established.

MEAD

stated the assumption that society and the
self are not mutually exclusive, but rather
inclusive as Mead argued in his book
Mind, Self, and Society

1. People imagine how they appear to
other people;
2. People imagine how others are thus
judging them based on appearance and
how they present themselves;
3. People imagine how others feel about
them based on the judgments they make.

Charles Cooley (1902) proposed three
steps to how interactions with others form
self-identity:

looking-glass self,

refers to the dependence of one’s social
self or social identity on one’s appearance
to others.

CHARLES HORTON COOLEY

The ideas and feelings that

people have about themselves —their self-
concept or self-image — are developed in

response to their perception and
internalization of how others perceive and
evaluate them

CHARLES HORTON COOLEY

the human mind is social
and mental. This means that the mental processes
occurring in the human mind are the direct result
of social interaction. The self grows as it interacts
with more and more people. Thus, one can only
become truly human through social experience.

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

theorized that human beings begin their
understanding of the social world through "play"
and “game".

The I

subjective element and the active side of
the self, it acts with autonomy and free will that will
determine one’s self

play

comes first in the child's
development. The child takes different roles he/she
observes in “adult" society, and plays them out to
gain an understanding of the different social roles.

The me

objective element of the self that internalized attitudes and demands of others.

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

The self is not present at birth. It develops
only with social experience.

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

The self continues to change along with his
or her social experience.

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD

A person will remain a creative being, and able to interact with others.

Preparatory Stage (0-3 yrs old)

Children imitate and role-taking

Play Stage (3-5 yrs old)

Learn to communicate through symbols and language. The self is developing through socialization

Game Stage (early school years)

The self is present. Able to understand demands, views of others.

game stage

it is required that a person develop a full sense of self.

the child must take the role of everyone else involved in the game.

larson

concluded in his review of
related studies that the freedom of choice
and empowerment provided by the
internet in the lives of adolescents as their
social mode of communications and digital
connectivity.

BIOECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
PERSPECTIVES TO UNDERSTANDING

THE SELF

Any Phenomena about human behavior must be understood in the light of an existing theoretical framework. The very purpose of a theory is to find possible relationships or connections between or among a number of underlying mental construct. We cannot dismiss the idea that any theory of the mind is are presentation of reality.

Interdependence and Reciprocity

Reciprocity means that we share the need for co-existence, and in that we need our physical environment such as a place to live, a thing to eat, and something to wear. On the one hand, we share our talent to others for mutual protection and benefit.

openness

The main requirement for innovation and renewal

SIGMUND FREUD

was the
founding father of psychoanalysis, a
method for treating mental illness and also
a theory which explains human behavior.

ERIK ERIKSON

said that
personality develops in a predetermined
order through eight stages of psychosocial
development, from infancy to old age.
During each stage, the person
experiences a psychosocial crisis which
could have a positive or negative

Basic virtues

are
characteristic strengths which the ego can
use to resolve subsequent crises.

inferiority complex

This is a lack of self-esteem where the person is unable to correct his feelings

SUPERIORITY COMPLEX

occurs when a person has the need to prove that he is more brilliant or something than others

PERSONALITY TYPOLOGY, OR STYLES
OF LIFE

claimed that once a
psychologist knows a person’s style of life,
“it is possible to predict his future
sometimes just on the basis of talking to
him and having him answer questions”

adler

believed that
birth order had a significant and
predictable impact on a child’s personality:

Carl Rogers theory

Self develops from the interactions
with the significant people. And
awareness of one’s own
characteristics. Self-concept is the
image of oneself.