Health, Mortality, Fertility, and Migration Transition Review

These flashcards cover the key concepts from the lecture notes on health, mortality transitions, fertility, and migration.

What were the main causes of death in 1901?

Pneumonia/Influenza/Bronchitis, Tuberculosis, Diarrhea

What are the two aspects of mortality?

Lifespan: maximum possible age a human can live; Longevity: average length of life.

What happens to death rates as countries become more developed?

Death rates fall and the main causes of death shift from curable diseases to non-curable diseases.

What are the two types of causes of death?

Communicable (spreadable illness) and Non-communicable (non-spreadable illness).

What are Proximate and Non-proximate causes of death?

Proximate causes are direct causes of death (like heart attack), while non-proximate causes are underlying factors (such as unhealthy lifestyles).

What were the top three causes of death in 1930?

Cancer, Pneumonia/Influenza/Bronchitis, Heart Disease.

Why did mortality rates decrease in Europe?

Economic development, sanitary reforms, social reforms, and advances in medicine.

Can poorer countries lower mortality levels without economic development?

Yes, by improving basic health measures such as clean water, vaccines, and simple healthcare.

What are the definitions of Neonatal and Post-neonatal mortality?

Neonatal: death to infants during 0-26 days; Post neonatal: death to infants 2-12 months.

Why are Infant Mortality Rates important?

They are indicators of socioeconomic development and affect population life expectancy.

How do mortality rates between men and women differ in MDRs vs. LDRs?

In MDRs, men die younger due to lifestyle; in LDRs, the female advantage is smaller due to poor healthcare.

What does Morbidity refer to?

The presence of diseases or illness in a population.

What does YLD and YLL stand for?

YLD: Years Lived With Disability; YLL: Years of Life Lost.

What is Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)?

The total burden of disease calculated as YLD + YLL.

What is Natural Fertility?

The actual number of children born without the use of birth control.

What are the four explanations for high fertility?

Replenish society, children as security/labor, desire for sons.

What factors contribute to the supply-demand framework in fertility?

Income, wealth, prestige, and the cost of raising children.

What are the three preconditions for fertility decline?

People want fewer children, know about birth control, and have access to contraceptives.

What is Replacement Level Fertility?

The number of children per woman needed to maintain a stable population.

What is the Push-pull Theory in migration?

It explains migration as a combination of factors pushing people to leave and pulling them to a new location.

What is the difference between Documented and Undocumented migrants?

Documented migrants have legal permission to reside in a country, while undocumented migrants do not.

What is the Brain Drain phenomenon?

The emigration of highly educated or skilled individuals from one country to another.

What significant change occurred in U.S. immigration policy in 1965?

The Immigration and Naturalization Act ended the National Origins Quota system.

What happened to U.S. immigration policy after 9/11?

The USA PATRIOT Act increased security and restrictions on immigration.