Chapter 1.1

What are the four Ds of psychological abnormality?

Deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.

Why is defining psychological abnormality difficult?

There are many proposed definitions, but none has won total acceptance, and judgments vary by society.

What does 'deviance' refer to in the context of psychological abnormality?

Behaviors, thoughts, or emotions that differ markedly from a society's ideas about proper functioning.

How does culture influence perceptions of abnormality?

Each society establishes norms based on its culture, and behaviors that break these norms are seen as abnormal.

What is an example of behavior that is considered deviant in one culture but not in another?

A Padaung woman wearing brass rings for neck lengthening is acceptable in her culture but may be viewed as abnormal in Western cultures.

Does distress always have to be present for a behavior to be considered abnormal?

No, some behaviors can be abnormal without causing distress, such as Alberto enjoying the voices he hears.

What characterizes dysfunctional behavior?

Behavior that interferes with daily functioning, preventing individuals from caring for themselves or participating in normal activities.

What type of behavior poses the ultimate psychological dysfunction?

Behavior that is dangerous to oneself or others.

According to Thomas Szasz, what is the concept of mental illness?

He argues that mental illness is a myth and that deviations labeled as abnormal are simply 'problems in living'.

How has society's acceptance of tattoos changed over time?

Once considered abnormal, as many as 40% of U.S. adults now have at least one tattoo, reflecting changing norms.

Why might college students' excessive drinking go unnoticed?

Because alcohol is so ingrained in the college culture, its excessive use may not be recognized as abnormal.

What distinguishes eccentric behavior from abnormal behavior?

Eccentric behavior is seen as unusual but not necessarily needing intervention, while abnormal behavior may require help.

What should be noted about the criteria for defining psychological abnormalities?

They are often vague and subjective, and may vary significantly in application and interpretation.