Intro to CSD Exam 1

Intro to communication sciences & disorders with Dr. Thao The field, the professionals, and the clients; typical and disordered communication; anatomy & physiology

communication

the process of sharing information between two or more persons; the transmission of thoughts or feelings from the mind of a speaker to the mind of the listener

language

the cognitive process by which we formulate ideas and thoughts; socially shared code that uses a conventional system of word combination to represent ideas about the world that are meaningful to others

speech

the neuromuscular process that allows humans to express language as a vocal product; involves the respiration, phonation, and articulation systems

hearing

the perception of sound, usually speech

communication disorder

significant difficulties in formulation, transmission, reception and/or comprehension when compared to those of a similar language and cultural background

communication difference

when an individual’s communication pattern differs significantly from those of the person or persons with whom he or she is communicating because of a different language or cultural background (ex: accent, dialect, etc.)

audiologists

professionals that measure hearing ability and identify, assess, manage, and prevent disorders of hearing and balance; evaluate and assist those with auditory processing disorders; select, fit, and dispense hearing aids and other amplification devices

auditory processing disorder (APD)

a neurological defect that affects how the brain processes sound

speech-language pathologists (SLP)

professionals who identify, assess, treat, and prevent speech and language disorders; participate in the assessment and treatment of swallowing disorders and can help modify a regional or foreign dialect

speech language and hearing scientists

professionals who work to extend knowledge of human communication processes and disorders; work in universities, government agencies, industry, research centers, and clinics; usually have a doctoral degree

speech scientists

scientist who explores anatomy, physiology, and physics of speech-sound production

language scientists

scientists who investigates the nature of language disorders in children and adults

hearing scientists

scientists who investigate the nature of sound, noise, and hearing

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)

organization that promotes scientific study, quality clinical services, high ethical standards, and advocacy for those with communication disorders

professional competence

Each professional must achieve and maintain the highest level of ____ ____ by staying up to date on the latest research and findings in their field.

developmental disorder

disorder that has been present from birth

acquired disorder

disorder that was acquired sometime after birth, usually caused by something (ex: brain injury, memory loss, etc.)

heterogenous

Language impairments are classified as a _____________ (heterogenous/homogenous) group, meaning not everyone with the same disorder has the same symptoms.

language impairments

a group of disorders that affects spoken or written language in comprehension or production; heterogenous group; developmental or acquired; NOT language difference

15%

What percent of toddlers are late talkers?

7-10%

Primary language impairment affects about ___ to ___% of children over the age of 5.

1 in 1000

About ___ in ____ children exhibit mild to severe intellectual disability as a result of Down Syndrome.

1 in 44

About ___ in ____ children exhibit autism or autism spectrum disorder.

etiology (cause), type, manifestation (effect), & severity

What are the four ways language disorders are classified?

etiology

the term for the cause of language disorders

primary language disorder

a language disorder that occurs in absence of any other disability (ex: stuttering, pronunciation, etc.)

secondary language disorder

a language disorder that occurs in result of another disability (ex: autism, down syndrome, dyslexia, etc.)

comprehension and expression

What are the two areas in which language disorders can manifest?

specific expressive language disorder (SELD)

language disorder in which the individual can comprehend language, but struggles with expression

mixed receptive-expressive disorder

language disorder in which the individual cannot comprehend or express language

mild, moderate, severe, & profound

What are the four severity types in order from least to greatest?

below 70-75 IQ (<70 IQ)

What IQ is required for a person to be classified as having an intellectual disability?

intellectual disability

disability in which the person has substantial limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, IQ score below 70; severity depends on IQ

learning disability

group of disabilities that result in difficulties in acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematics; heterogenous

language-learning disability

type of learning disability in which the primary difficulty is in learning and using symbols; affects males more than females

ADHD

learning disability with underlying neurological impairment in executive functioning that regulates behavior

dyslexia

learning disability where the individual has difficulty reading or writing

80%

As many as _____% of those with a learning disability have some form of reading problems.

specific language impairment (SLI)

specific impairment in language functioning; characterized by the absence of all other possible disorders and language performance is significantly lower than intellectual performance

autistic spectrum disorder

disorder that results in abnormal functioning in social interaction, communication, & behavior; communication problems are one of the first indicators; may be nonverbal, lack prosody, and demonstrate echolalia depending on severity

prosody

the rhythm of speech

echolalia

the repetition of speech

pragmatics

What is the most affected area of a child who has been neglected or abused during development?

fetal alcohol syndrome

syndrome that occurs when a fetus is exposed to alcohol during embryonic development; low birth weight, CNS dysfunction, growth deficiency, & dysmorphic features are common physical effects; demonstrate hyperactivity, motor problems, attention deficits, & cognitive disabilities as well as low IQ

fetal alcohol syndrome

What is the most common “preventable” cause of mental disorders?

brain and spinal cord

What two things make up the central nervous system?

nerves

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

neurons

basic unit of the nervous system

billions

The brain alone consists of ___________ of neurons.

dendrite

receives stimulation, meaning that they bring nerve impulses into the cell body

axons

conducts electrical impulse away, meaning that they take nerve impulses away from the cell body

synapse

the space where two neurons meet

neurotransmitter

chemical agents that help to carry information across the synaptic cleft

afferent pathways

pathways that carry sensory information from body to brain

efferent pathways

pathways that carry motor commands from brain to body

brain

If a patient’s cognitive acts (rationality, problem-solving, personality) are affected by an injury, which is damaged, the brain or the spinal cord?

spinal cord

If a patient’s ability to perform functions such as breathing, swallowing, and walking is severely restricted by an injury, which is damaged, the brain or the spinal cord?

brain

the mediator or commander of the body

3 pounds

How much does the brain weigh?

cerebrum

the part of the brain that governs the unique human qualities of thinking, problem-solving, planning, creating, & rationalizing; the largest division of the brain; has a left and a right hemisphere

corpus callosum

a band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum in the brain; helps the hemispheres share information, but also contributes to the spread of seizure impulses from one side of the brain to the other

corpus callosotomy

an operation that severs the corpus collosum, interrupting the spread of seizures from hemisphere to hemisphere; seizures generally do not stop, but become less severe

frontal, parietal, occipital, & temporal

What are the four lobes of the brain?

frontal lobe

the largest lobe, sitting in the most anterior part of the brain; activates and controls both fine and complex motor activities, (ex: the control of speech output) and executive functioning (problem solving, planning, creating)

controls speech output and executive functioning

What does the frontal lobe do in relation to CSD?

parietal lobe

lobe that sits posterior to the frontal lobe; perceives and integrates sensory and perceptual information; contributes to comprehending oral and written language and calculations

comprehension of oral and written language

What does the parietal lobe do in relation to CSD?

temporal lobe

lobe that sits posterior to the frontal lobe, but inferior to the parietal lobe; particularly important site for human communication because it contains the auditory cortex

contains the auditory cortex (processes auditory information)

What does the temporal lobe do in relation to CSD?

occipital lobe

lobe that sits at the rear of the cerebral cortex, in front of and above the cerebellum; receives and processes visual information

receives and processes visual information

What does the occipital lobe do?

31

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

22

How many of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves are important for speech and breathing?

12

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

brainstem

Where do most of the cranial nerves originate?

generating source

The respiratory system is the __________ _________ for speech production.

phonation system

system that takes the energy that is sent upward from the lungs and further modulates the airflow to convert energy into sound

vocal fold vibration

Voice is the creation of sound by ________ _________ ______________.

articulation

the act of manipulating the airflow submitted by the phonatory system to create highly precise speech sounds