A&P test review unit 2

Which is a protein in the following list of molecules

An Enzyme, myosin, and hemoglobin

Covalent bonds

Strong chemical bond due to sharing of electrons; bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule

Hydrogen bonds

weak attraction between slights charged parts of molecules, which are readily broken and reformed; bonds between charged molecules or portions of a molecule

DNA

Double stranded; nitrogenous bases; A, T, G, C; exclusively housed within the nucleus of an animal cell

RNA

Single stranded; nitrogenous bases A, U, G, C; ribose sugar within backbone

ATP contains the nitrogenous base ____?

Adenine

Label Molecule

NPPHS

What features are present in eukaryotic cells, but not in prokaryotic cells

A nucleus and membrane bounded organelle

What part of all cells in cases, the cytoplasm informs a boundary between the cell interior and cell exterior

Cell membrane

Which structure is found in plant cells, but not in Animal cells

Chloroplast

In plant cells, what structure lies just outside the cell membrane and provides strength and support to the plant cell

Cell wall

What structure found in plant cells is an organelle for storing water and metabolites

Central vacuole

What are features common to all cells?

DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm

What is the name of the cell contents between the nucleus and the cell membrane?

Cytoplasm

What features are present in animal cells

Centrioles Golgi apparatus, rough ER nucleus and mitochondria

Micrograph

A photograph taken through a microscope of a magnified specimen

Cell

The smallest unit of life that can function independently

Prokaryotic cell

A cell that lacks a nucleus

Eukaryotic cell

A cell that contains a nucleus and other membrane bounded organelles, and that tends to be larger than a prokaryotic cell

Cytoplasm

A fluid called Cytosol all the cell contents between the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and the cell membrane

Cell membrane

Lipid rich bilayer that surrounds a cytoplasm and contents of a cell informs, a boundary between the cell interior and its environment

DNA

Nucleic acid that serves as the genetic material in all cells by encoding the information for the production of proteins and RNA

RNA

Nucleic acid that the synthesis from DNA and is used at ribosomes to coordinate the synthesis of proteins

Ribosomes

Structures, composed of RNA and protein that are the sites of protein synthesis

Organelles

Membrane bounded compartments in eukaryotic cells that carry out specialized functions

Nucleus

Organelle that contains the DNA and acts as the command center of the cell

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Organelle that has a network of membranes, studded with ribosomes, and that plays a role in protein synthesis

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Organelle that has a network of membranes and is the site of lipid synthesis and the detoxification of certain drugs and poisons

Golgi apparatus

Organelle that is a stack of flattened sacks where proteins are modified, processed and packaged for different locations in the cell or for export

Mitochondria

Organelle that carries out cellular respiration to produce ATP

Chloroplast

Organelle found founded plant cells and some protest cells that carry out photosynthesis to produce sugars

Central vacuole

Organelles found in plant cells that is a large fluid filled sack for storing water and metabolites

Centrioles

Two short cylinders of protein found an animal cells that help to organize microtubules

Cell wall

Outer layer on prokaryotic plant fungi, and many protest cells that surrounds the cell membrane and provide support shape and strength to the cell

Cytosol

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm

Cells are typically between

1 to 100 micro meters in diameter

Cell

Basic unit of life and all living organisms are composed of one or more cells

What factor affecting image quality is altered by adjusting the intensity of the light source

Contrast

The course and focus knobs work on a brightfield microscope

The focus knobs move stage up and down

Why should the fine focus knob typically be used with the 10 times and 40 times objective lenses

The slide should be close to in focus after focusing at the four times objective, focusing with the course focused that would result in two large change in focus

What is the total magnification of a specimen using the 40 times objective?

The total magnification would be 400 times

Advantage of starting with the four times objective before moving to the 10 and 40 times objective

The field of view is larger and it is easier to focus

Which objective lens provide provides the least total magnification

Scanning

Which of the following are factors affecting the clarity of a microscopic image?

Resolution contrast and magnification

Making any other adjustments, the _____ can be increased by focusing properly

Resolution

When storing the microscope, the stage should be left in the _____ position

Fully down

The mechanical stage upper knob causes the stage to move

Back-and-forth

Medical stage lower knob causes stage to move

Right and left

The magnification of the ocular lens is

10 times

What objective lens provide provides the highest total magnification

Oil immersion

triglycerides

Form adipose tissue and provide energy

Phospholipids

Main component of cell membranes

Steroids

Include hormones, cholesterol, and bile salts

Eicosanoids

Regulation of inflammation and aid and nervous system communication

Bases are substances that release ____ ions

Hydroxide

The more hydroxide ions released by a base, the _____, the pH value of the solution becomes

Higher

Sodium hydroxide is a strong base because it absorbs more _____ ions than weak basis

Hydrogen

Ribbon nucleic acid RNA

The nucleic acid that is single-stranded and is located within the nucleus of the cell and the cytoplasm is

Le tides are composed of a _____, a _____, functional group and a _____ base

Sugar phosphate, nitrogenous

Adenosine triphosphate ATP

The nucleotide that is the central molecule in the transfer of chemical energy within cells is

Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA

The double stranded nucleic acid that is found within the nucleus is

The ionic compound magnesium chloride has _____ chloride ions for every one magnesium ion

Two

Calcium phosphate is the ____ common ionic compound in the body.

Most

The ionic compounds in the previous sentences(magnesium chloride and calcium phosphate), all involve a combination of a common cation and a common _____

Anion

The attraction between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water compound is

Weak

The larger oxygen atoms with more protons is more _____ than the hydrogen atom and attracts the electron pair closer

Electronegative

The unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond creates a _____ bond

Polar covalent

Due to the polar nature of water ____in one molecule are attracted to oxygen atoms and other water molecules

Hydrogen atoms

The bonding of water molecules to each other with ____ bonds is called hydrogen bonding

Weak

Radio isotopes are unstable because they contain an excess number of

Neutrons

The bond between adjacent amino acids is a _____ bond

Peptide

The innermost electron shell can hold ____ electrons

Two

The second electron shell can hold up to ____ electrons

Eight

The atomic nucleus is made up of

Protons and neutrons

When diagram an atom the electron cells ______ the nucleus must be filled first

Closest to

electrons are located in regions of the atom called

Orbitals

isotopes of the same element have the same number of _____, but differ in the number of______

Electrons and neutrons

Isotopes are the same element have _____ atomic mass

Different

Isotopes of the same element have essentially ____chemical characteristics

Identical

Sodium and potassium ions are electrolytes therefore they dissolve ____ in water

And dissociate

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharide are examples of

Carbohydrates

A cation is formed in an atom _____, an electron or electrons

Loses

Cations have a _____ charge

Positive

Anions are formed when an atom _____ an electron or electrons

Gains

Anions have a _____ charge

Negative

Atoms on the _____ side of the periodic table tend to become anions in order to satisfy the octet rule

Right

Water molecules are _____ because the hydrogen atoms are positively charged on one end, and the oxygen atoms are negatively charged on one end

Polar

Molecules that are ____ share electrons equal

Non-polar

Sodium chloride is an example of a _____ molecule because it is soluble in water

Hydrophilic

Molecules that are ____ are insoluble in water

Hydrophobic

It is ____ that most molecules formed with non-polar bonds is all easily in water

False

It is _____ that the nature of water molecules allow them to pull apart ionic bonds, such as NACL due to the positive and negative charges attracting each other

True

disulfide bonds formed between cysteine amino acids are considered weak similar in strength to hydrogen bonds

False

Cofactors can be

Organic, inorganic, attatched to an enzyme, and not attatched to an enzyme

The reactants and the oxidation of glucose is

Oxygen and glucose

Glycolysis

2-2 CN

Intermediate stage

2 MY

Citric acid cycle

2-4-6 MY

Electron transport system

34 MY

Intermediate stage

Occurs in the mitochondria and proceeds only in the presence of oxygen