Exam 1 Brush-Up (Wk1)

Terms for bringing the thumb towards/away from fifth digit

Opposition/reposition

Terms for moving the mandible out/in

Protrusion/retrusion

Terms for gliding the scapula anterior/posterior along thoracic wall

Protraction/retraction

Term describing cheek/ear/breast/belly button

Buccal/otic/mammary/umbilical

Terms for thumb/great toe, respectively

Pollex/hallux

Terms describing hand/foot regions

Manual, pedal

Terms describing calf/heel regions

Sural/calcaneal

Fascia that extends deep from deep fascia to form compartments

intermuscular septa

Fascia that extends deep from deep fascia to wrap structures

investing fascia

Thick bundles of fascia to hold tendons in place (wrists/ankles)

retinacula

Which vertebral segment does NOT play a role in supporting the weight of the body?

coccyx

Vert variations — fused L5/S1

Sacralized L5

Vert variations — S1/S2 gap

Lumbarized S1

Primary spinal curve (where?)

Accommodation for organs (thoracic, sacral)

Secondary spinal curve (where?)

Compensatory curves (cervical, lumbar)

Arteries within vertebral foramen

Radicular/segmented medullary arteries

Branches of arteries that perforate body of vertebrae

Equatorial branches

Branches of arteries that supply surface of vertebrae

Periosteal/nutrient branches

Vertebral veins within vertebral foramen

Internal (epidural) vertebral venous plexus

Ascending vertebral veins surrounding spinous processes

External vertebral venous plexus

Veins within vertebral bodies

Basivertebral veins

What nerves innervate Z joints of vert column?

Articular branches of post rami spinal nerves

What composes the floor of the suboccipital triangle?

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane, posterior arch of atlas

What composes the roof of the suboccipital triangle?

Semispinalis capitis

How many spinal nerves compose each segment?

8 cerv, 12 thor, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

What exists in the epidural space?

Fat, veins, roots of spinal nerves

What exists within the subarachnoid space?

CSF

Arteries of spinal cord

1 ant, 2 paired post

Veins of spinal cord & drainage

3 ant, 3 post, join internal venous plexus

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

Tightly packed, avascular, one or many layers/sheets, lays on basement membrane

Locations of simple squamous epithelium

Alveoli, mesothelia of cavities, endothelia of heart (think gas exchange)

Locations of stratified columnar epithelium

Small areas of pharynx, anus, epiglottis, urethra (think protection)

What structures contain motile cilia?

Respiratory tract, oviducts

What structures contain stereocilia?

Epididymis, ductus deferens

Two types of zonulae

Tight junctions, belt desmosomes (just basal to TJ)

What structure attaches the lateral surfaces of epithelial cells at a single spot?

Maculae (desmosomes)

What structures allow for communication/exchange between epithelial cells?

Gap junctions

2 basal surface specializations

Hemidesmosomes, basal lamina

Endocrine glands secrete ___

directly into the bloodstream

Exocrine glands secrete ___

through ducts onto surfaces

Functions of reticular cells

Produce reticular fibers, some phagocytose debris

Function of reticular tissue

Loose network of thinner fibers to allow motile cells to move around (WBC, macrophages, mast cells)

Locations of dense irregular connective tissue

joint capsules, dermis, digestive submucosa

Locations of elastic connective tissue

Ligamentum flavum/nuchal ligament, arterial walls

Functions of loose areolar connective tissue

Cushions organs, phagocytosis and inflammation

Locations of reticular tissue

Lymphoid organs

Which collagen fibers primarily compose cartilage?

Type II

‘Cracks’ in an osteon

Canaliculi

Canals traveling perpendicular to direction of central canal in an osteon

Volkman’s canals (perforating)

Circumferential perforations in an osteon & cells that reside there

Lacunae, osteocytes

Overlapping layers of bone tissue (in an osteon, between osteons, encapsulating outer layers)

Lamallae (concentric, interstitial, circumferential)

Storage/synthesis functions of bone tissue

Salt storage (calcium), continuous blood cell production

Types of bones

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

Bone development from mesenchyme straight to bone

intramembranous ossification

Bone development from mesenchyme to cartilage to bone

Endochondral ossification

Primary ossification center

Diaphysis

Secondary ossification centers

Metaphysis, epiphysis

Bone innervation (2 types)

Periosteal (pain), vasomotor (control constriction/dilation of vessels)