history yr 10

American Values

-individualism, respect to private property, belief in equal opportunity

14th August 1963

Yirrkala Bark Petition

Mabo

-Terra Nullius (land belonging to no one)

-May 1982 a group of people from the Merian Peoples from the Eastern Torres Strait lodged a case with the high court of Australian for legal ownership of the land

-Eddie Mabo

-June 3rd 1992, six of seven judges agreed that the Merian held traditional ownership of the lands of Mer

-overturned the concept of Terra Nullius

-Introduced the principle of native title to the Australian legal system

-Native Title Act 1993 put into statutory law the Mabo decision (overturning terra nullius)

what did the apology achieve for Australia's Indigenous peoples

-officially acknowledged the profound gried and integrated trauma inflicted on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

Purpose of 'Closing the Gap'

-reconciliation is about strengthening relationships between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and non-Indigenous peoples, for the benefit of all Australians

Martin Luther King Jr

-sought equality and human rights for African Americans and all victims of injustice

-he never fought physically

-social activist and Baptist minister

-awarded nobel peace prize 1964

-assassinated April 4th, 1968

-was 26 when he began taking an active role in US civil rights movement

March on Washington

-August 28th 1938, 250 000 people rallied on washington dc to demand fair wages, economic justice, civil rights protection, voting rights, end to segregation

-a peaceful march, to the white house

Little Rock Nine

-September 1957, group of nine black students who enrolled at Central High School in Little Rock Arkansas (all white school)

-First day of school, Governer Orval Faubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to block their entry

-Later that month, President Elsenhower sent in federal troops to escort the nine to school (protecting them)

-September 1958, Faubus closed all of Little Rock's high schools to prevent African American student attending

-It was a vote to close the schools, 19460 to 7561

1950s in Usa

-a period of consensus

-all influential white men agreed that america was good

results increased affluence had on american society

society progressed faster, society was progressing quickly

when and where did the fight to desegregate schools begin

california, 1946

10th December 1948

UN declaration of human rights

16th August 1975

Gough Whitlam returns 3300 square km land to Gurindji people

3rd June 1992

Terra Nullius overturned (Mabo decision)

10th December 1992

Keating's Redfern address

1993

Native Title Act passed

1997

Bringing Them Home report released

Bark Petition

-Presented to Australia's Parliament House of Representatives on 14th August 1965

-Amhem Land Reserve established in 1931 to protect the Yolngu people and their land, but very valuable mineral is found there

-February 1963, announces plans to build a mine on the land

-Yolngu people were unaware of the development plans

-Written in 2 languages- English and Gupapugaru

-Printed on paper, glued to a piece of bark, decorated with a traditional style

-Requests from Yolngu people were ignored, Yolngu decided to launch legal action (failed)

-Justice Richard Blackburn ruled against the Yolngu claimants in 1971

Australian Freedom Rides

-12-27 Feb 1965, Regional NSW

-Walgett, Gulargambone, Kempsey, Bowraville, Moree

-Led by Aboriginal activist, Charles Perkins

-Walgett RSL club, not permitting entry for Indigenous ex-servicemen

-Moree Baths, prohibiting Indigenous people from swimming in the pool, removed discrimination

-Bowraville picture theatre, Indigenous had to buy their tickets seperately, enter through side entrance, sit in the back

-Brought attention to the treatment of Aboriginal peoples in Australia

-Led to debates, and the referendum

Gurindji Strike

-Began August 23rd 1966, lasted 7 years

-200 Gurindji stockmen, Wave Hill station in the Northern Territory

-Led by Vincent Lingiari

-Aboriginal people used as cheap labour due to connection with land

-underpaid staggeringly low compared to white people

-Vestey Brothers owned Wave Hill station

-1965, North Australian workers applied to remove discriminatory references in NT

-delayed 3 years purposely

-terms for increased pay couldn't be negotiated, so they walked off

-Purpose of strike: The Gurindji were focused on reclaiming their land while the unionists believed the dispute was solely about wages and work conditions

-ended in 1973, Gough Whitlam became prime minister in 1972

1938 day of mourning

-26th January 1938

-Aboriginal leaders organised a day of mourning

-argued that Aboriginal people should be given Australian citizenship, equal political rights and equal access to education

-happened because they mourned the loss of their country

-Jack Patten, William Ferguson, William Cooper, Doug Nicholls were the key people involved

-sparked debate, moved to July and is now known as NAIDOC week

who was the legal guardian of every Aborgine in the state of western australia

-Mr A.O Neville, the chief protector of Aborigines is the legal guardian of every Aborigine in WA

-has the power to remove half-caste children from their family

summary of bringing them home report

-widespread removals

-assimilation policy

-human rights violation: serious breach of human rights

-genocide finding: genocide

-severe impacts

-ongoing effects and recommendations

recommendations of the report

1. formal national apology

2.reparations/compensations

3.healing + support services

why john howard didnt want to apologise

-believed that he didnt take the children, why should he have to apologise

Emmett Till

-he was brutally murdered in 1955 when he was 14, because he was accused of harassing a local white woman in Money Mississipi

-he was a catalyst for the American civil rights movement

Rosa Parks

-refused to give up her seat, December 1st 1955

-she was the mother of the civil rights movement

Montgomery bus boycott

-boycott of the montgomery buses was planned, because of the Rosa Parks case

-70% of the people were African American

-boycott ended December 20, 1956

Ku Klux Klan

-white american people (weird robes and hood), who mainly targeted African American people

-leaders wore black robes

-they didn't like the slaves being freed and wanted to push them back to the south

-they started in 1860, slaves had been freed

-used fire and burnt crosses in from of people's houses, damaged their property

percentage of americans in 'middle-class standard of living'

-60%

impact of suburbanisation on car manufacturing business in america

80% of Americans had cars by the 1960s

how segregation was enforced in north of America

by custom, social law

how segregation was enforced in south of america

by actual law, jimpro laws

26th January 1938

Aboriginal leaders hold "Day of Mourning" event and call for citizenship rights

12-27th February 1965

Australian freedom riders

27th May 1967

the referendum

13th February 2008

Kevin Rudd issues formal apology to the Stolen Generation

1962 Right to Vote

-Electoral Act ammendment passed on 21st March 1962

-Voluntary for First Nations to enroll

-Australia was being critisised over its human rights record

-Back then, Australia didn't let first nations people to vote in some states, so they changed it in response to international pressure

-Pearl Gibbs, Doug Nicholls, Faith Bardier were key activists

-Minister for territories, Paul Hasluck, played a key role in advocating for change

1967 Referendum

-sought to change two sections of the constitution, section 51 and section 127

-90.77% of Australian voters voted Yes

-Section 51: only the state could make laws for Aboriginal people, so some states would have different laws than others. It gave power for the Federal government to make laws, so rules would be more uniform

-Section 127: includes Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in the census as part of the Australian population

-27th May 1967

-Vic was most favourable, WA was least favourable

Role of Aboriginal Protection Boards

-Australian colonial authorities determined that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people needed 'protection' to seperate them from effects of british colonisation

-became a government-led system of forced assimilation and persecution and control

stolen generation

-refers to a dark chapter in Australian history, where Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children were forcibly removed from their families by Australian federal and state governments

what does half-caste mean

half aboriginal, half white

what kinds of requests were directed to the Chief Protector of Aborigines

-whether they can see their kids

-whether they can buy anything

-whether they can marry

why is Mr Neville removing the Aboriginal children

-to breed out the Aboriginal in them, after a while they turn white

-helping them "improve" their life

-trained them for specific jobs

summary of apology

-apologised for ruining an entire culture

-apologised for breaking families apart, taking children away

-reflected on how they were treated previously

critisism kevin rudd received

-people argued it was an empty gesture

-some argued it didnt go far enough

Still learning (25)

You've begun learning these terms. Keep up the good work!