Psychology: IQ, Executive Function, Social and Emotional Development

Flashcards covering IQ and academic achievement, executive function, social development, and emotional psychopathology based on the lecture notes.

General Intelligence (g)

A construct of an individual's capacity to learn which impacts performance on many different things.

Crystallized Intelligence

Facts and skills

Fluid intelligence

The capacity to reason, problem solve, adapt, and handle new situations.

Passive Effects

Occur when the parents' genotype for IQ influences the environment they provide to their child, such as providing better education.

Active Effects

Occur when a child’s genotype for IQ influences their interests, leading children with higher IQs to show more interest in school or academic pursuits.

Evocative Effects

Occur when a child's genotype evokes certain responses from others, such as a teacher praising a child with a high IQ more, leading the child to work harder.

Emergent Literacy

The development of skills during preschool including phonemic awareness, letter recognition, awareness of print, early writing, and oral development.

Phonemic awareness

The understanding that speech is composed of sound units.

Orthographic Depth

The degree to which written language deviates from a $1:1$ ratio of letters to sounds.

Phonemic (shallow) orthographies

Languages like Spanish that are easier to learn because there is an exact $1:1$ ratio between words and sounds.

Non-phonemic (deep) orthographies

Languages with irregular mappings from letters to sounds, such as English.

Logographic

Non-alphabetic written systems, such as Chinese characters, where there is no direct connection between visual word form and sound.

Phonological recoding

The process of translating letters into sounds and blending those sounds into words, also known as sounding out.

Visually based retrieval

Recognizing a whole word in visual form and processing its meaning directly.

Dyslexia

Reading problems that occur in the absence of other explanations like low verbal IQ, lack of opportunity, or hearing issues.

Numerical Magnitude Representations

Mental models of the sizes of numbers ordered along a 'less to more' dimension, referred to as a mental number line.

Executive Function

Cognitive control functions that allow for self-regulation and self-directed behavior toward goals.

Working Memory

The ability to hold information temporarily across delays and distractions, allowing for the manipulation or reordering of the information to allow for learning and comprehension

Inhibitory Control

The ability to resist automatic responses and impulses and instead make goal-directed responses.

Cognitive Flexibility/Switching

The ability to switch between tasks and mental representations and respond flexibly as the environment changes.

Proactive control

A transition in executive function where an individual waits and thinks before preparing a response, rather than acting on instinct.

Operant Conditioning

Skinner's theory that behavior is learned or maintained through positive or negative consequences.

Differential reinforcement

The process of reinforcing desired behavior while withholding reinforcement for undesired behavior.

Social Learning Theory

Bandura's theory that children can acquire new behaviors through observing and imitating others, such as in the Bobo doll studies.

Vicarious reinforcement

When an observer's behavior is strengthened by witnessing a model receive rewards or punishments.

Reciprocal Determinism

The concept of how children and their social environments interact with each other.

Macrosystem

The largest cultural and social context in Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model that indirectly influences a child.

Social Referencing

The act of looking to caregivers' emotions to decide how to react to a situation.

Display rules

Cultural and social norms regarding how and when to mask emotions and pretend.

Theory of Mind (Mentalizing)

Understanding the beliefs, intentions, and perspectives of others.

Hostile Attributional Bias

Misattributing the actions of others as having hostile intentions, more common in abused or aggressive children.

Cognitive Empathy

Understanding another person's distress, which requires the development of Theory of Mind.

Affective Empathy

Feeling the distress of another person, such as when a toddler cries upon seeing someone else crying.

Authoritative Parenting

A coaching style high in control and high in warmth, characterized by clear limits, flexibility, and explaining rules.

Authoritarian Parenting

A style high in control and low in warmth, characterized by high standards, strict rules, and little communication.

Relational Aggression

Non-physical, harmful behaviors aimed at damaging a peer’s social status or relationships, such as gossiping or exclusion.

Discrete Emotions Theory

A nativist view that emotions are innate and distinct from one another from early life, each linked to specific body and face reactions.

Functionalist Perspective

An empiricist view that emotions are learned and serve the function of promoting action toward achieving a goal.

Emotional Regulation

A set of conscious and unconscious processes used to monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions.

Co-regulation

The process where infants gain comfort and distraction from caregivers to help decrease distress.

Multifinality

The concept in psychopathology that one specific risk factor can lead to many different outcomes.

Equifinality

The concept in psychopathology that many different risk factors can lead to one single outcome.

Diathesis-Stress Model

A theory suggesting people have a level of vulnerability that interacts with environmental stress to produce outcomes.

Anhedonia

A symptom of Major Depressive Disorder characterized by the loss of pleasure and interest.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Disorder characterized by being uncooperative, defiant, and hostile toward peers, parents, and teachers.

Conduct Disorder (CD)

A pattern of behavior in which the rights of others and societal norms are violated, typically following a diagnosis of ODD.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A brief treatment for anxiety and depression that focuses on skill building and cognitive restructuring to challenge unhelpful thoughts.

Core Knowledge Theory

The theory that all humans have a basic set of evolutionary-based, domain-specific knowledge present from infancy.