socio paper2

George Peter Murdock Four Functions of Family

Family performs sexual reproductive economic and educational functions for society

Talcott Parsons Primary Socialisation and Stabilisation

Family socialises children and provides emotional support to adults known as the warm bath

Talcott Parsons Functional Fit Theory

Family structure changes from extended to nuclear to fit industrial society needs

Talcott Parsons Instrumental and Expressive Roles

Men perform breadwinner role while women perform caring role

Michael Young and Peter Willmott Symmetrical Family

Couples increasingly share domestic work and childcare

Karl Marx Class Inequality

Society divided into bourgeoisie and proletariat with unequal power

Karl Marx Inheritance of Wealth

Wealth passed down through generations maintaining class inequality

Karl Marx False Consciousness

Workers accept inequality without recognising exploitation

Eli Zaretsky Family and Capitalism

Family supports capitalism through consumption emotional support and labour reproduction

Louis Althusser Ideological State Apparatus

Family socialises individuals to accept capitalism and inequality

Pierre Bourdieu Cultural Capital

Middle class pass knowledge language and values to children

Pierre Bourdieu Class Reproduction

Class inequality continues across generations through family advantages

Ann Oakley Dual Burden

Women perform both paid work and unpaid domestic labour

Ann Oakley Gender Socialisation

Gender roles are learned through family socialisation

Julia Duncombe and Dennis Marsden Triple Shift

Women perform paid work，housework and emotional labour

Christine Delphy and Diana Leonard Economic Exploitation

Women exploited through unpaid domestic labour in the family

Fran Ansley Takers of Shit

Women absorb men’s frustration from work supporting capitalism

Rapoports Family Diversity

Family diversity includes organisational cultural social class life stage and generational differences

Judith Stacey Postmodern Family

Families are flexible diverse and based on choice such as divorce extended families

Ulrich Beck Risk Society and Individualisation

People avoid commitment and focus on personal choice leading to family diversity

Anthony Giddens Confluent Love

Relationships based on satisfaction and equality rather than obligation

Charles Murray Underclass Theory

Lone parent families lead to crime welfare dependency and poor socialisation

Dennis Marsland Nuclear Family Theory

Nuclear family provides stability and effective socialisation

Robert Chester Neo Conventional Family

Most people still live in nuclear families though both partners work

Life Cycle Theory Family Diversity

Family diversity is temporary as people move through stages of life

Neil Postman Disappearance of Childhood

Media removes boundaries between children and adults

Sue Palmer Toxic Childhood

Modern life and media harm children’s development

Hugh Cunningham March of Progress Childhood

Childhood is more protected and valued in modern society

Jane Pilcher Childhood Markers

Childhood remains distinct through social boundaries and age related markers

Iona Opie and Peter Opie Children Culture

Children maintain their own independent culture of games and activities

Philippe Aries Social Construction of Childhood

Childhood is a modern invention that did not exist historically

Allison James and Alan Prout Social Construction

Childhood varies across societies and is socially constructed

Margaret Mead Cultural Differences in Childhood

Childhood varies across cultures with different expectations

Sue Wilkinson Genderquake

Women increasingly prioritise careers and independence over traditional roles

Anthony Giddens Pure Relationship

Relationships based on choice and emotional satisfaction

Ronald Fletcher Higher Expectations of Marriage

Increased expectations of love and fulfilment lead to higher divorce rates