Chapter 1 - Introduction and Measurements

Order of the Scientific Method

• Observations

• Hypothesis

• Experimentation

• Data

• Theory

• Law

Observations in the scientific method are

things you can take note of mentally

Hypothesis are

educated guessed or tentative explanations based on observations

Experimentation in the scientific method is when

observations are taken under conditions that can be controlled

Data is

observations contained by experimentation

A scientific theory is a

well tested conclusion that can still be confirmed though further experimentation 

Laws of science are

very constant behaviors that have universal validity.

The scientific method

based on continued observation and experimentation.

“In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created or destroyed” is called

A Law of Conservation of Mass

Physical properties are

characteristics that can be observed or determined without changing the chemical composition of matter

Texture is a

Qualitative physical property

Volume and temperature are both

Quantitative physical properties

A solid has a

definite shape and definite volume

A liquid has

definite volume and variable shape

A gas has

variable volume and variable shape

Extensive properties depend on

how much matter is being considered.

Is mass an extensive or intensive property?

extensive property

Intensive properties _______ on the amount of material being considered.

do not depend

Is density and intensive or extensive property?

intensive

A physical change does not

change the chemical composition of matter.

Vaporization is the physical state transition between

a liquid to a gas

Melting is a physical state transition from a

solid to a liquid

Deposition is the physical state change between

gas to a solid

Wine is a mixture that is uniform throughout making it a

homogeneous mixture

Beef stew is a mixture where each component an be separated making it a

heterogenous mixture.

An element is a

pure substance that cannot be separated in to simpler substances.

A compound is a

pure substance that can be separated in to simpler substances.

Chemical changes are transformations that

alter the composition of a substance.

During a chemical change atoms are being

rearragenged.

Chemical properties REQUIRE that

the composition of matter is changed.

Giga (G)

10^9

Mega (M)

10^6

Kilo (k)

10^3

Deci (d)

10^-1

Centi (c )

10 ^-2

Milli (m)

10^-3

Micro

10^-6

Nano (n)

10^-9

Pico (p)

10 ^-12

Measurements include two parts the ___ and ___.

number and unit

Length is the amount of space between

two points; meters, foot, inches.

Mass is the amount of

matter in a substance; gram, pound, kilo

On earth mass is equal to

weight

Weight can only be measured is

gravity is present

Volume is the measurement of

the amount of space occupied by a sample of matter; liter, quart, cubic meter

1 cubic meter is equal to

1,000 L

Density is the

ratio of the mass of a sample to the volume that it occupies; g/cm³, g/mL

What is the formula for density?

Density = mass/volume

Energy is the capacity

to. do work or to transfer heat

Kinetic energy is the

energy associated with the motion of an object.

Potential energy is the

energy associated with the position or composition of an object

Potential energy is also know as

stored energy

Objects with high potential energy have a tendency to change in a direction

that lowerts its potential energy

Heat is the

thermal energy transferred during the process of lowering potential energy

The Law of Conservation of Energy is that

energy is always conserved in a physical or chemical change, it is neither created nor destroyed.

Temperature is the measurement of

the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules of a substance; Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin

Heat is the

kinetic energy transferred during a physical or chemical change.

A calorie (cal) is the

amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C

Accuracy refers to how close the

measured value is to the actual value.

Precision refers to how close a

series of measurements are to one another or how reproducible they are.

Precision is when measurements are

closely aligned in the same quantity with each other

Accuracy is the

degree to with a measurement conforms to the true actual value.

When results are inaccurate but precise this shows a

systematic error

When results are inaccurate and imprecise this shows a

random error

If the decimal point is present starting from the ____ count all numbers (including zeros) beginning with the first non-zero number

left

If the decimal point is absent stare counting from the ___ count all numbers (including zeros) beginning with the first non-zero number.

right

When multiplying or dividing the answer with share the same number of sig figs as the the number with the

smallest amount of sig figs

When adding or subtracting, the answer will have the

same number of decimal places as the quantity with the fewest decimal places.