the changing economic world

An underwater rail link connecting the UK and France beneath the English Channel, facilitating passenger and freight movement.

Channel Tunnel

A state that controls or controlled overseas territories as colonies, influencing their governance, economy, and culture (e.g., the British Empire).

colonial power

A voluntary association of 56 countries with historical ties to the UK, fostering collaboration on trade, development, and cultural exchange.

Commonwealth

A group of territories or nations ruled by a single authority or monarch, as Britain once did across vast parts of the globe.

empire

A political and economic union of European nations that formed a single market; the UK was a member before Brexit in 2020.

European Union (EU)

A group of seven highly industrialized countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, and the US) working together on global economic and policy issues.

G7

The exchange of goods and services across international borders, central to the UK’s economy and foreign relations.

global trade

The movement of people from one region or country to another, which has contributed to the UK’s cultural diversity.

migration

Describes a society that includes various cultural or ethnic groups, as seen in the UK’s diverse population.

multicultural

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, a military alliance of 32 member states (including the UK) aiming to maintain collective security.

NATO

UK trade links

Trade is central to the UK’s economy, with exports ranging from advanced manufacturing.

• EU: approx 50%

• USA: One of the biggest single-country trading partners, particularly for services such as finance and technology.

• Asia-Pacific: Growing trade links, evidenced by new economic deals with nations such as Australia.

• Commonwealth countries: Historical and linguistic ties make the Commonwealth an essential market for goods such as machinery, pharmaceuticals, and education services.

The UK aims to expand its export markets, develop domestic industries, and boost economic resilience.

UK culture links

The UK’s cultural reach is one of its most significant global assets.

English is the dominant international business language

The UK’s higher education sector—exemplified by globally renowned universities—welcomes students from all over the world.

The UK’s status as a multicultural society results from many waves of migration over the centuries, from former colonies

UK transport links

The UK is a major transport hub, benefiting from extensive air and rail networks:

• Air travel: Heathrow is one of the busiest international airports worldwide, serving as a gateway between Europe and other continents.

• Rail and road: The Channel Tunnel connects the UK to continental Europe, motorways crisscross the country, while high-speed rail lines, including the ongoing High Speed 2 (HS2) development, aim to enhance links between key cities.

• Maritime: Major ports, such as Southampton, and Liverpool, support global trade, especially container shipping and raw materials.

UK electronic communications

An advanced digital infrastructure supports the UK’s integration into the global economy.

High internet penetration rates, extensive broadband and mobile coverage, and numerous undersea data cables enable fast communication with trading partners worldwide.

The UK’s thriving tech sector is evident in areas like London’s “Tech City” and other regional hubs

Having officially left the EU in 2020, the UK now operates under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement which governs issues such as:

• Tariff-free trade for many goods

• Rules on travel, business, and residency rights for UK and EU citizens.

• Cooperation on shared interests like energy, security, and research programs

why is the commonwealth good and what does it do

The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of 56 countries with historical ties to the UK.

It embraces a diverse membership, the Commonwealth’s shared linguistic, legal, and educational heritage helps foster:

• Trade and investment: Common legal frameworks and widespread use of English can simplify business dealings.

• Cultural exchange: Events like the Commonwealth Games and various educational exchanges unite member states through sport, culture, and learning.

• Political cooperation: The Commonwealth Secretariat in London coordinates development

development

improvments in ppls quality of life and standard of living

development gap

the difference between levels of development between the richest n poorest countries

factors affecting quality if life

healthcare, education, clean water etc

past classification of development and issues w it

divided into developed and developing based on mainly income n ingnored inequalities and quality of life

LICS

countries w low gross national income per capita

• low income pp

• high poverty

• poor infrastructure

• low life expectancy

NEES

countries that r rapidly industrialising and growing economically

• fast economic growth

• uneven wealth distribution

• urbanisation

HICS

countries that r wealthy, highly devloped and have advanced economies

• high gdp per person

• low birth + death rates

• advanced healthcare + education systems

measuring development w economic measures and limitations

GNI - average income pp in a country

• averages hide inequalities

• does not show quality of life

• does not measure access to healthcare, education and freedom

• some income is informal n not measured

measuring development w social measures

literacy rates

birth rayes

death rates

infant mortality

life expectancy

access to safe water

ppl per doctor

measuring development w social measures alone limitations

does not measure wealth directly

can be misleading alone (low death rate may be bc it is a young pop)

data can be unreliable

ignore inequalities

measuring development w the human development index and why is it good

HDI - measures 3 things

1. health - life expec shows access to healthcare, water, food etc

2. income - average gni per capita

3. education - years of schooling and access to knowledge, skills and oppotunities

good bc it looks at quality of life not only money, combines social and economic indicators and shows clearly differences between countries

what does the dtm show

demographic transition model

a model which explains how a countries population changes as it develops economically

stage 1 of dtm

high fluctuating -

high br and dr

fluctuating

stage 2

early expanding

high br and falling dr

rapid population growth

stage 3

late expanding

falling br and low dr

population growth slows

stage 4

low fluctuating

low br and dr

stable population

stage 5

declining

v low br and low dr

population may decline

reasons for high BR

kids needed for work purposes

high infant mortality

no contraception

reasons for high DR

poor healthcare

famine

poor sanitation/clean water

wars or conflict

reasons for falling BR

urbanisation (no kids needed for work)

contraception access

education + employment (women have more oppotunities)

changing social attitudes (smaller fams r preferred)

reasons for falling DR

better healthcare

improved food/sanitation/clean water

improved living conditions/industrialisation

physical causes of uneven development

climate - extreme weather causes reduced crop yields, limits tourism and overall makes life harder

presence of a coastline - higher transport costs slow does economic growth

access to safe water - affects health, farming and industry

hazards/extreme weather - damages infrastructure frequently which slows development

access to raw materials - may struggle to industrialise

economic causes of uneven development

poor trade links - limited roads, rails or ports prevents goods reaching markets

debt - may spend more on repaying than development projects

primary based economy - country mainly sells raw materials, making them vulnerable to prices changing and makes it harder to get richer

historical causes of uneven development

conflict - wars destroy infrastructure, discourage investment and displace populations

colonialism - countries exploited for resources and most infrastructure built for extraction not development

what is the GINI coeffiecient

a number which shows how evenly wealth is spread in a country

0 - 1

0 being everyone is equal and 1 being one person has all money

consequences of uneven development on wealth

global - countries get richer, while LICs stay poor and gap widens

national - rich areas develop faster than poor

debt - poorer countries may poor money for development but repayment with interest is slow and costly

consequences of uneven development on health

less access to doctors, hospitals and medicine

higher rates of malnutrition and disease

lower life expectancy

consequences of uneven development on international migration

rise in international migration - ppl move to richer countries for jobs, education or better living conditions

forced migration - conflict, disasters or extreme poverty force people to leave

brain drain - skilled workers leave poor countries for better opportunities and slows development back home

2 types of strategies to reduce the development gap

top-down - large scale projects led by governments or big companies

bottom-up - small-scale projects led by local communities

using investment strategies to reduce development gap

money from foreign countries or companies is spent on infrastructure to boost trade and create jobs

• chinese investment in bagamoyo port

using industrial development to reduce development gap

focus on factories and manufacturing to move from farming to industry to create jobs and income

• malaysia - developed electronics and manufacturing industries

using microfinance to reduce development gap

small loans for poor people to start businesses, improving income and self sufficiency

• grameen bank, bangladesh

using aid to reduce development gap

money, equipment or services given to help development

• googles 1 laptop per child to improve education

using fairtrade to reduce development gap

when farmers r guaranteed a fair price for their products, plus extra money to invest in their communities

• farmers receive a higher, stable income which reduces poverty

• encourages sustainable farming

• farmers are less exploited by large, international companies

using intermediate technology to reduce development gap

small-scale irrigation system which is affordable and locally managed for all year crop growth

• increases food security

• farmers can sell surplus crops so higher incomes

• sustainable and is community owned but only small-scale so not overly effective

using debt relief to reduce development gap

cancellation or reduction of debts owed so governments can spend less on repayments and more on:

• healthcare

• education

• infrastructure

so they can invest more in long-term development than just surviving financially

using tourism to reduce development gap

visitors travelling to a country for leisure - bringing foreign currency

• creates jobs in tourist sectors, local businesses and encourages infrastructure improvements

• can cause environmental damage if unmanaged and employment is often seasonal

case study for reducing the development gap by tourism in one NEE

JAMAICA

a island in the Caribbean sea

change in development in jamaica

tourism contributes to over 30% of the GDP, helped Jamaica move from mainly primary industries to a more service-based economy

why tourism in jamaica

strong physical and human attractions

• tropical climate

• white sandy beaches like seven mile beach

• rainforests

• coral reefs

• waterfalls like dunns river falls

• and english is widely spoken

advantages of tourism in jamaica

• provides direct or indirect employment for 1 in 5 jamaicans

• improved sagster international airport and road networks

• better healthcare and utilites in tourist regions

• easy for small businesses to earn money

overall raises living standards and economic growth

disadvantages of tourism in jamaica

• many hotels owned by foreign companies so profits leave Jamaica instead of staying local

• jobs depend on tourist seasons and income is unstable

• coastal development damages habitats and reefs

• increased pollution, waste and water use

• wealth concentrated in tourist areas, rural regions benefit less

case study for a rapid economic development in an NEE

nigieria - located in west africa and south coast on the Atlantic ocean

global importance of nigeria

• oil production which accounts for 90% of export earnings

• entertainment (Nollywood which is one of the largest film companies globally)

• economic growth (one of africas largest economies)

regional importance of nigeria

largest pop in africa

supplies oil and goods to other african regions

major transport and trade hub

provides financial services and investment to neighbouring countries

political context nigeria

corruption slowed devlopment

terrorism issues

instability discourages foreign investment

social context nigeria

young population

huge wealth gap

large rural population, but rapid urban growth

education and healthcare improving but remains uneven

cultural context nigera

over 250 ethnic groups

diversity sometimes causes tension but also creates a strong creative economt

environmental context nigeria

oil spills in niger delta caused water pollution

air pollution from cities

deforestation

all affect farming, fishing and health

how has nigerias economy changed

shifted from primary to secononday and tertiary

farming and raw materials to large oil and gas sectors and growing manufacturing and tertiary (banking etc)

why has manufacturing become so important

nigeria want to reply less on oil due to fluctuating prices

creates mnay jobs

urban growth

improves overall gdp as it adds value to raw materials instead of jus exporting them

what is TNC

trans national coorperations

a company that operates in more than 1 country

tnc in nigeria

shell - extracts crude oil and began in 1930s

ad and disad for shell

advantages - creates jobs, improves exports, improves GDP

infrastructure - builds roads, pipelines, improves ports and develops local sevices

disadvantages - much of the profit goes back to the companies home country (Netherlands)

environmental damage of oil spills, water pollution

inequality as wealth is not spread evenly and conflict/tension between goverments, oil companies and locals

nigerias political links

1. part of the commonwealth of nations which helped shape their legal system, language and trade

2. ECOWAS promotes free trade and peace

3. part of united nations to keep peace

4. strong links w usa and china

how have nigerias trading links changed

in the past - mainly traded w the uk, agricultural goods

then oil discovery led to that becoming their dominant export, mostly w/ usa and europe

now, growing trade w/ china and they r tryna move away from oil to manufacturing

OVERALL MORE TRADE PARTNERS

environmental impacts of industrial growth in nigeria

air pollution - factories, tarffic and leads to poor air quality and health problems

waste disposal - industrial waste often poorly managed

climate chnage - increased fossil fuel use increases carbon emissions

environmental impacts of commercial farming n deforestation in nigeria

deforestion - for farmland n destroys habitats causing loss of biodiversity

soil erosion - exposed soil and rainfall washes away

climate - trees absorb co2 so fewer trees = more greenhouse gases

environmental impacts of urban growth in nigeria

urban sprawl - loss of farmland and wildlife areas

traffic and air pollution - increases emissions

water pollution - sewage and waste entering rivers untreated

waste pollution - collection unable to keep up w the population growth

environmental impacts of mining and oil extraction in nigeria

oil spills- pollutes rivers and distroys fishing industries

gas flaring - burning ecxess gases causes air pollution and increases greenhouse gases

water contamination - damages ecosystems and affects drinking water

aid

money, resources or support given by a country or organisation to another country to help improve development of respond to emergencies

short term aid

immediate help after crisis

boko haram terrorism - food and medical aid sent

long term aid

to improve quality of lives over many years

world bank funds development projects

top-down aid

large scale aid projects

large dam projects or major road contruction

bottom up aid

small scale projects

wateraid works to provide clean water at village level

main issues w aid

corruption - officials misusing the funds

dependency - country becomes too reliant on aid so hardly develops

political instability - difficult to deliver and undergo development schemes

uneven distribution - wealthy areas just become more wealthy and does not reach poor

not everyone being benefited socio-economic impacts of economic development in nigeria

inequality bc wealth conc in cities

rapid growth increased gap between rich and poor

uneven development across the country (regionally), mostly in south

has economic development in nigeria caused quality of life rising

yes but unevenly

GDP increased, more jobs, better roads, improved networks, higher life expec and healthcare

BUT around 40% still live in poverty and the sanitation in informal settlements is bad and environmental damage of economic development

what challenges need to be overcome from economic development in nigeria

reduce inequality

diversify economy (less reliance on j oil)

protect environments

manage urban growth

employment structure

the percent of ppl working in different economic sectors

primary industry

extracting raw material from earth

secondary industry

manufacturing and processing raw materials into finsihed goods

tertiary industry

providing services to ppl and businesses

quaternary industry

knowledge based and research based

why has uks employment structure changed

deindustrialisation from prim and sec to tert and quatern

change in primary sector jobs UK

huge decrease due to machines replacing working and imports of cheaper food

change in secondary sector jobs UK

big decrease

factories move abroad to cheaper places - globalisation

machines replace workers

coal mines close

change in tertiary sector jobs UK

huge increase bc of expansion in NHS, growth of retail and tourism and rising incomes leads to more need for sectors to spend disposable income

what is deindustrialisation

the decline of manufacturing in a country (secondary mostly)

why did deindustrialisation happen in uk

cheaper goods could be produced cheaper elsewhere

machines replaced workers

exhaution of raw materials

what changes did deindustrialisation cause in uk

high unemployment in some areas and growth of the service sector

what is globalisation and what has it led to

the increasing connection between countries through trade, tech, transport and communication

• manufacturing moving abroad

• growth of services

• increase in TNCs

1945-70 government policys

governments were focused on rebuilding industry

• investment in manufacturing

• creation of welfare state

1979-2010 government policys

reduced support for coal and steel

encouraged service industries

attracted foreign investment