Pharmacology Exam 2 Study Guide (Spring 2026)

Why are infants at higher risk for medication toxicity?

Immature liver and kidneys → slower metabolism and excretion

Why are older adults at risk for medication toxicity?

Decreased kidney/liver function + polypharmacy

What is a key rule for giving meds to older adults?

Start low, go slow

How can spiritual beliefs affect medication administration?

Patients may refuse certain treatments (e.g., blood products)

What should the nurse do if a patient refuses medication due to beliefs?

Respect, educate, and collaborate on alternatives

How can culture impact medication use?

Preference for herbal remedies, family involvement, mistrust

What is the nurse’s role in cultural care?

Ask, don’t assume; respect and ensure safety

What are examples of personal medication preferences?

Route, timing, fear of side effects

What is the nurse’s role with patient preferences?

Promote autonomy and provide education

What is autonomy?

Patient’s right to make their own decisions

What is beneficence?

Doing good for the patient

What is nonmaleficence?

Do no harm

What is justice?

Fair and equal treatment

What is veracity?

Telling the truth

What is fidelity?

Keeping promises and trust

What is informed consent?

Patient understands risks and agrees voluntarily

Can a patient leave a clinical trial at any time?

Yes

What is the nurse’s role in research?

Protect patient, monitor safety, advocate

What happens in the preclinical phase?

Animal and lab testing

What is tested in Phase 1 trials?

Safety and dosage (small group, healthy people)

What is tested in Phase 2 trials?

Effectiveness and side effects

What is tested in Phase 3 trials?

Large-scale effectiveness and safety

Who approves drugs in the U.S.?

U.S. Food and Drug Administration

What is Phase 4?

Post-marketing surveillance for long-term effects