7.1-7.3 AP Euro - Nationalism & Unification

Nation-State

A political entity characterized by the defined borders of a nation where the culture and the state coincide.

Nationalism

Strong identification with one’s own culture and nation, reinforced through history and shared language.

Cause of Growing Nationalism: Romantic Idealism

The emotional connection created by writers who spoke about people's past, fostering a sense of unity.

Example of Romantic Idealism

Grimm Brothers' fairy tales which enhanced the sense of German identity.

Liberal Reform

Policies initiated by Napoleon III, such as universal male suffrage, which bolstered French nationalism.

Guseppe Mazzini

An Italian nationalist who aimed to unify Italian states into a single nation-state.

Anti-Semitism

Racialist beliefs and prejudices against Jewish people, leading to their marginalization in society.

The Dreyfus Affair

A political scandal in France involving Captain Alfred Dreyfus, accused of treason, highlighting anti-Semitism.

Zionism

A Jewish nationalist movement advocating for a Jewish homeland, notably in Palestine led by Theodore Herzl.

Klemens Von Metternich

A conservative leader who created the Concert of Europe to maintain stability and balance of power.

Count Cavour

Prime Minister of Piedmont who played a crucial role in the unification of Italy.

Realpolitik

Pragmatic political maneuvering focused on achieving practical outcomes rather than moral considerations.

Franco-Prussian War

A conflict that facilitated the unification of Germany as southern states rallied to Prussia's defense against France.

3 Emperors League

An alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia aimed at controlling Eastern European stability.

First & Second Balkan Wars

Conflicts driven by nationalism that led to increased tensions among Austria, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.

Racialism

The belief in the superiority of one race over others, often leading to discrimination and social hierarchies.

Theodore Herzl

A key figure in the establishment of modern Zionism, advocating for a Jewish national identity and the creation of a Jewish state.

Nationalism in Austria-Hungary

A complex issue where diverse ethnic groups sought autonomy or independence, leading to tensions within the empire.

Prussian-Danish War

A conflict (1864) between Denmark and the German states of Prussia and Austria over the territories of Schleswig and Holstein, which helped unify German states.

Austro-Prussian War

A war (1866) between Prussia and Austria that resulted in Prussian dominance in German affairs and the exclusion of Austria from German unification.

Crimean War

A conflict (1853-1856) where Russia fought against an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, Britain, France, and Sardinia.

Significance of the Crimean War

The war highlighted the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of nationalism in Europe with the end of the Concert of Europe

Italian Unification

The process of consolidating various states of the Italian peninsula into a single nation-state, largely completed by 1871.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian nationalist leader known for his role in the unification of Italy, particularly through his military campaigns through leading the Red Shirts

German Unification

The process of uniting individual German states into a single nation-state, occurring primarily between 1864 and 1871.

Otto Von Bismarck

The Prussian statesman who orchestrated German unification through a series of wars and diplomatic maneuvers, including Realpolitik.

Reinsurance Treaty

A secret agreement between Germany and Russia in 1887, aimed at ensuring neutrality between the two powers in case of conflict.

Triple Alliance

A military alliance formed in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, aimed at mutual defense.

Congress of Berlin

An 1878 meeting of the great powers to address territorial disputes in the Balkans, resulting in significant changes to borders and influences.