Lab 11-Chordata

Organization

Organ level

Embryonic development

Triploblast

Deuterostome

Eucoelomate

Diploblast or Triploblast?

Triploblast

Protostome or Duterostome?

Deuterostome

Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate or Eucoelomate?

Eucoelomate

Symmetry

Asumetry (Urochordata)

Bilateral

Skeleton/Support

Endoskeleton

Movement/Locomotion

5 fingers to help climb in arboreal organisms

Antagonistic muscles

Skeletal muscles

Wing

Cardiac muscles

Smooth muscles

Striated muscles

Sensory/Nervous

Dorsal hollow nerve chord

Cephalization

Eyes

Lateral line

Light receptors

Circulation

Open circulatory system

Closed circulatory system

3-chamber heart

4-Chamber heart

2-Chamber heart

Digestion/Feeding

Complete Gut

Filter feeder (Urochordata & Cephalochordata)

Predators

Excretory/Osmoregulation

Nephridia

Kidneys

Reproduction

Sexual

Both Monoecious and dioecious

Some alternation of generation

Asexual reproduction

Both internal and external fertilization

Respiration

Skin

Lungs

Gills

Which suphyla as an adult is probably most similar to a Chordata ancestor?

Chephalochordata

Which factor is responsible for the simple body in Urochordates?

Adults are filterfeeders

Bilateral symmetry allows organisms to have what which is not possible in radially symmetrical organisms?

Head

What features of the Petromyzontida head represents homologiesto other Vertebrata groups?

Anterior mouth

Pharyngeal gill slits

One pair of eyes

What is an external adaptation for a parasitic lifestyle that members of Petromyzontida exhibit?

Tooth like organs in the mouth

Other than lack of jaws what is a characteristic that is different between Petromyzontida and Chondrichthyes?

Number of gill openings (5-7)

What is the mode of reproduction seen in the dogfish?

Ovoviviparity

What is the function of the rugae in the stomach of the dogfish (Chondrichthyes)?

Increase SA for digestion

What structure in the parch (Osteichthyes) has the same function as the rugae in the stomach of the dogfish (Chondrichthyes)?

Pyloric Caeca

What is the function of the spleen?

It removes dead red blood cells and stores red blood cells

What is the function of the exceptionally large liver in the dogfish?

Buoyancy

What is the function of the exceptionally large liver in the Chondrichthyes?

Buoyancy

What organ is responsible for creating buoyancy in dogfish?

Liver

What organ is responsible for creating buoyancy in Chondrichthyes?

Liver

What structure in the parch besides the liver has the same function as the liver in dogfish?

Swim bladder

What structure in the Osteichthyes besides the liver has the same function as the liver in Chondrichthyes?

Swim bladder

What is the swim bladder responsible for in perch?

Buoyancy

What is the swim bladder responsible for in Osteichthyes?

Buoyancy

What organs in Osteichthyes are used are used for buoyancy?

Liver

Swim bladder

In which class is the notochord structure most different from the ancestral form in the adults?

Actinopterigii

What subphylum does the Lancelet belong to?

Chephalochordata

What are the four characteristics common to all chordates; anterior to posterior?

Notochord

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Pharyngeal gill slits

Postanal tail

What are the four characteristics common to all chordates; posterior anterior?

Postanal tail

Pharyngeal gill slits

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Notochord

What are the external adaptations for a parasitic lifestyle that Petromyzontida exhibits?

Mouth shape for attachment

Tooth like organs for rasping

What is the Dorsal Hollow nerve chord equivalent in humans?

Spinal cord

What is the Notochord equivalent in humans?

Intervertebral discs

What are the Pharyngeal gill slits equivalent in humans?

Jaw

Middle ear bone

What is the Post-anal tail equivalent in humans?

Coccyx

Which subphylum is the exception to the bilateral symmetry seen in Chordata?

Urochordata

Which subphylum has n open circulatory system?

Urochordata

What are the subphylums of Chordata?

Craniata

Urochordata

Cephalochordata

What are the classes of Craniata?

Myxini

Petromyzontida

Chondrichthyes

Actinopterygii

What are the clades of Chordata?

Vertebrata

Gnathostomata

Osteichthyes

What organisms make up subphylum Urochordata?

Tunicates

What subphyum is made up of Tunicates?

Urochordata

Anther word for Tunicates is?

Sea squirts

The larvae of subphylum Urochordata are...

Free swimming

The adults of subphylum Urochordata are...

Sessile

What happens to the Chordata characteristic in subphylum Urochordata?

3/4 Reabsorbed

Pharyngeal slits turn into pharyngeal basket

How many Chordata characteristics do Tunicates have?

4 (Larva stage)

What is the use of the Pharyngeal basket to Tunicates?

Filter feeding

Identify the part indicated by 1

Brachial Siphon

Identify the part indicated by 7

Pharyngeal slit

How does water flow in Urochordata

Brachial Siphon, Pharyngeal basket, Atrial siphon

What organisms make up subphylum Cephalochordata?

Lancelets

What subphylum is made up of Lancelets?

Chephalochordata

How many Chordate characteristics does subphylum Chephalochordata exhibit?

4

How do Lancelets feed?

Filter feeders

What kind of circulatory system does Cephalochordata exhibit

Close circulatory system

What is the defining characteristic of Subphylum Craniata?

Braincase

What class is made up of Hagfish?

Myxini

What organism makes up class Myxini?

Hagfish

What is the special capability of Hagfish?

Slime

What organism is jawless and doesn't have a vertebral column?

Hagfish

What class is jawless and doesn't have a vertebral column?

Myxini

What is the defining characteristic of Clade Vertebrata

Vertebrae

What was the purpose of vertebrae?

Served as arches for added muscle attachment

What classes are in clade Vertebrata?

Chondrichthyes

Petromyzontida

Actinopterygii

What organisms are in clade Vertebrata?

Lamprey

Cartilaginous fish

Ray-finned fish

What class is made up of Lampreys

Petromyzontida

Majority of class Petromyzontida are made up of what kind of parasite?

Ectoparasites

What do the 7-gill cavities of lampreys allow?

Ventilation of water

What is the defining feature of clade Gnathostomata?

Jaws

What classes are included in clade Gnathostomata?

Chondrichthyes

Osteicthyes

What creature makes up class Chondrichthyes?

Sharks

Rays

Chimaeras

Sharks are a member of what class?

Chondrichthyes

Sharks are a member of clade?

Gnathostomata

Sharks' bodies are covered in what?

Dentin

What kind of scales do scales are present in sharks?

Placoid

What is the purpose of the Ampullae of Lorenzini?

Electroreception

What do the ampulle of Lorenzini look like on sharks?

Little dots

What is the purpose of the Lateral line?

Detection of Movement

Vibration

Pressure

What does it mean to be oviparous?

Egg laying

What does it mean to by ovoviviparous?

Live bearing with yolk sac

What does it mean to be Viviparous?

Live bearing with placental norishment

What class makes up clade Osteichthyes?

Actinopterygii

What is the main feature of clade Osteichthyes?

Heavily ossified skeleton

What class is made up of most fish?

Actinopterygii

Class actinopterygii is made of what organisms?

Fish

What feature is shared between class Actinopterygii and class Chondrichthyes?

Lateral lines

In class Actinopterygii, the gills are covered by what?

Operculum