Planning Finals 2026

basic human activity, rational choice, control of future action, special kind of problem solving

What is planning?

Basic human activity

Planning is a ___ that pervades human behavior at every level of society

Human thought and action

Planning is a process… of ___ and ___ based upon that thought, which is a very general human activity"

Consistency and logic

Planning as a rational choice meets certain standards of ___ and ___

rational choice

Planning as a ___ is a process for determining appropriate future actions through a sequence of choices"

control of future action

Planning as ___ is the ability to control the future consequences of present actions

without this intervention

Planning's purpose (as control of future action) is to make the future different from what it would have been ___.

Not a purely individual activity

Planning is not ___: Personal planning vs. societal planning

Not present-oriented

Planning is not ___; it is primarily concerned with future actions involving uncertainty with a need for predictions

Routinized

Planning CANNOT be ___

Trial-and-error

Planning has little or nothing in common with ___ approaches to problem solving

Not just the imagining of desirable futures

Planning is not ___: "Planning, like utopia, depicts a desirable future state of affairs, but, unlike utopia, specifies the means for achieving it."

Utopia

depicts a desirable future state of affairs

Societal, Future oriented, Non-routinized, Deliberate, Action-oriented

Planning must be ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___

Planning

the deliberate social or organizational activity of developing an optimal strategy for achieving a desired set of goals

Rationality

___ is a central feature of planning

Rationality

___ is a way of choosing the best means to attain a given end

Rationality

___ is a tool that enables us to make choices according to certain standards of logic

Axioms

These standards of logic are ___ (Rationality of Planning)

transitive

(Axioms of logic in planning) Preferences must be ___ or ranked in order from best to worst

independent

(Axioms of logic in planning) Probabilities and utilities must be ___ of each other

Probability

One's assessment of the likelihood that some event or outcome will happen

Utility

The value one would assign to that event or outcome

Inadmissibility of dominated choices

(Axioms of logic in planning) Superior option must be chosen

Comprehensive planning

(Contextual Planning Models) recognizes complexity of factors affecting physical or land use decisions

Social planning

(Contextual Planning Models) oriented towards social needs more than to physical planning

Advocacy planning

(Contextual Planning Models) considers special and/or marginalized groups

Bureaucratic planning

(Contextual Planning Models) value neutral administrator

Radical or anti-planning

(Contextual Planning Models) social change outside the governmental establishment or in active opposition to it

Nonplanning

(Contextual Planning Models) people's behavior and interaction will eventually produce socially optimal outcomes with minimum regulation

Technician Administrator

(Planner’s roles) technical expert at the service of elected officials

Mobilizer, Mediator, Entrepreneur

Planner’s roles (Political)

Mobilizer

(Planner’s roles) develop support for plan implementation

Mediator

(Planner’s roles) combine diverse & conflicting interests

Entrepreneur

(Planner’s roles) gathering the resources needed to implement the plans

Advocate and guerilla

(Planner’s roles) represent special interest groups

Planning

sequential, multi staged process in which many of the phases are linked to their predecessors by feedback loops

Policy, plan generation, evaluation, implementation and monitoring

Cyclical planning process

Policy

(Cyclical planning process) The definition of goals and objectives

Policy

(Cyclical planning process) The identification of problems and issues

Plan generation

(Cyclical planning process) The dev't. of strategies/ plans for achieving goals

Plan generation

(Cyclical planning process) The development of policies for solving problems

Implementation and Monitoring

(Cyclical planning process) Implementing strategies and policies and monitoring against defined performance criteria

Evaluation

(Cyclical planning process) Testing and evaluating strategies and policy packages

Systems approach, Modeling, Simulations

Analytic Tools in Policy Analysis

Systems approach

(Analytic Tools in Policy Analysis) Any process or situation can be analyzed as a system

System

defined as a set of components whose interdependencies with one another are stronger than their relationship with other elements outside the system.

all the other components

(systems approach) Anything affecting one component will affect ___

A change in one component

(systems approach) ___ will result in a change in the other components

Modeling

(Analytic Tools in Policy Analysis) An abstraction or representation of the reality

Iconic, Analog, Symbolic

Different kinds of modeling

Iconic

(Different kinds of modeling) those that look like reality (e.g. scale model of a house)

Analog

(Different kinds of modeling) those in which there is correspondence between elements and action in the model and those in reality but no direct physical resemblance (e.g. charts, graphs)

Symbolic

representation of entities of a system through symbols (e.g. F = m a)

Simulations

(Analytic Tools in Policy Analysis) A replication or imitation of the operation of a real world process or system; are important predictive tools

Benefit-Cost, Cost-Effectiveness, Impact analysis

Evaluation tools in policy analysis

Benefit-Cost analysis

(Evaluation tools in policy analysis) Benefit cost ratio

Cost-effectiveness analysis

(Evaluation tools in policy analysis) Units of output per peso cost

Impact analysis

(Evaluation tools in policy analysis) EIA, TIA, SIA

Social, economic, physical, institutional, environment

Planning sectors

Social sector

(Planning sectors) seeks to improve the state of well being of the local population and upgrade the quality of social services such as health, education, welfare, housing, etc.

Economic sector

(Planning sectors) ensures that the economy is in a sound state of health thru the use of various measures to create a favorable climate for private investments

Physical sector

(Planning sectors) lays down the physical base of the social and economic development of the area, and provides infrastructure support requirements of other development sectors

Institutional sector

(Planning sectors) focuses on strengthening the capability of the bureaucracy and elective officials to manage effectively planned growth and change fiscal administration

Institutional sector

(Planning sectors) seeks to provide mechanisms for the effective partnerships and linkages

Environment sector

(Planning sectors) consolidates the environmental implications of all development proposals w/ the municipality and provides mitigating and preventive measures for their anticipated impacts

Environment sector

(Planning sectors) maintaining the cleanliness of air, water and land resources and rehabilitating degraded areas

Environment sector

(Planning sectors) preservation/ conservation and management of protected areas and wildlife

Location Theory

concerned with the geographic location of economic activities

Location Theory

it addresses the questions of what economic activities are located where and why.

Location Theory

It rests primarily on the assumption that agents act in their own self-interest.

Profits, utility

Thus, firms choose locations that maximize their ___ and individuals choose locations that maximize their ___.

Location Theory

Various factors which affect location are considered such as localized materials and amenities, but most weight is placed on transport costs.

Transport costs

Various factors which affect location are considered such as localized materials and amenities, but most weight is placed on ___.

von Thunen

Early location theory was concerned with agricultural land use, as modeled by ___

Alfred Weber

Industrial location theory was made by ___

Modern location theory

concerned with the real individual, rather than with rational economic man reflecting the influence of behavioral geography.

Location Theory

seeks to explain the basic, universal factors that determine and influence the location of all kinds of economic activity

Business location choices

why do businesses (and other economic activities) tend to locate where they do?

Urban spatial structure

how do economic factors influence urban structure and form?

Innovation and technological change

how do location factors influence technological development and economic growth

aggregate location decisions

The ___ of businesses (and households) generate the pattern of urban spatial structure

Location and urban spatial structure

At the same time, the existing pattern of urban land use, transportation systems, and spatial structure influences the location choices of individual businesses

Agglomeration

“Location matters for entrepreneurship, knowledge exchange, and innovation”

Location

___ matters for entrepreneurship, knowledge exchange, and innovation

Macro level technological change

influences what inputs industries need and how prevalent they are in the economy overall

Transportation technology

changes urban spatial structure by changing the location choice calculus for businesses

Inter-relationships in Location theory

Urban spatial structure, Business location choices, Innovation and technological change

Land and its attributes

(Location factors for businesses) business size, drainage, building height

Labor and management

(Location factors for businesses) type of labor (skilled vs. unskilled), recruitment potential

Capital

(Location factors for businesses) finance and equipment, venture capital, machinery

Materials and power

(Location factors for businesses) inputs, electricity

Organization, behavior, and change

(Location factors for businesses) decision making of the firm

Market and price

(Location factors for businesses) cost of living, consumer demands, sales

Transportation and freight rates

(Location factors for businesses) inputs and outputs, infrastructure Agglomeration, linkage, and external economies

Public policy, planning, and the state

taxes, regulations, plans

PRIMARY ACTIVITIES

(different types of economic activities) Agriculture, hunting, fishing, Mining, resource extraction

SECONDARY ACTIVITIES

(different types of economic activities) Manufacturing, Construction

TERTIARY ACTIVITIES

(different types of economic activities) Retail, Services

QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES

(different types of economic activities) Information technology, Media, Research & development