Cytology Lab 5-19-26

Vocabulary flashcards covering cellular structures, functions, and the phases of the cell cycle and mitosis based on lecture notes.

Plasma membrane

The outer surface of the cell that regulates the entrance and exit of molecules.

Cytoskeleton

The component of the cell that maintains cell shape and assists in the movement of cell parts.

Microtubules

Protein cylinders that move organelles.

Intermediate filaments

Protein fibers that provide stability of cell shape.

Actin filaments

Protein fibers that play a role in cell division and shape.

Centrioles

Short cylinders of microtubules found in animal cells.

Centrosome

A microtubule organizing center that contains a pair of centrioles.

Lysosome

A vesicle that digests macromolecules and even cell parts.

Vesicle

A small membrane-bounded sac utilized for storing and transporting substances.

Cytoplasm

The semiffuld matrix located outside the nucleus that contains the cell's organelles.

Nucleus

The command center of the cell.

Nuclear envelope

A double membrane with nuclear pores that encloses the nucleus.

Chromatin

Diffuse threads containing $DNA$ and protein.

Nucleolus

A region within the nucleus that produces subunits of ribosomes.

Endoplasmic reticulum

An organelle involved in protein and lipid metabollam.

Rough ER

A section of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins.

Smooth ER

A section of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipid molecules.

Peroxisome

A vesicle involved in fatty acid metabolism.

Ribosomes

Particles that carry out protein synthesis; they can be free or attached.

Polyribosome

A string of ribosomes simultaneously synthesizing the same protein.

Mitochondrion

An organelle that carries out cellular respiration, producing $ATP$ molecules.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle that processes, packages, and secretes modified proteins.

Flagellum

A tail-like structure, such as that in a sperm cell, composed of a midpiece, head, and tail sheath.

Interphase

The cell cycle phase consisting of growth and $DNA$ replication, categorized into $G_1$, $S$, and $G_2$ phases.

$G_1$ phase

The sub-phase of interphase characterized by cell growth.

$S$ phase

The sub-phase of interphase where $DNA$ replication occurs.

$G_2$ phase

The sub-phase of interphase involving preparation for mitosis.

Mitosis

The stage of cell division comprising prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Prophase

The mitotic phase where chromatin condenses into chromosomes and the nuclear envelope disappears.

Metaphase

The mitotic phase where chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.

Anaphase

The mitotic phase where sister chromatids separate and centromeres divide.

Telophase

The mitotic phase where chromatin expands and the nuclear envelope begins forming.

Cytokinesis

The process of cytoplasm division that results in two daughter cells.

Centromere

The region of a chromosome where chromatids are most closely attached to each other.

Mitotic spindles

Protein structures that guide the movement and separation of chromosomes during division.

Cleavage furrow

The indentation that forms during telophase and cytokinesis to divide the parent cell.