Metabolic Rates and Circulatory Function in Animals

Flashcards covering metabolic rates, physiological adaptations, and the circulatory function in animals based on lecture notes.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The minimum energy needed to be at rest.

Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)

Minimum metabolic rate for ectotherms.

Total Metabolic Rate

Total energy used in an organism.

Thermoneutral Zone

Range of environmental temperatures where BMR is sufficient to maintain body temperature, requiring no energy.

1. Name 5 different physiological adaptation responses an animal might use going into and through a cold season. 

• Increased insulation 

• Shivering Thermogenesis 

• Non-Shivering Thermogenesis 

• Reduced metabolic rate 

• Peripherial vasoconstriction 

Evaporation (HV)

Heat loss through sweating.

Convection (HC)

Heat transfer to moving air.

Radiation (HR)

Heat lost or gained through infrared waves.

Evaporation Loss (HE)

Water loss resulting in a cooling effect.

Storage Heat (HS)

Heat retained in the body.

Warm-blooded

Animals that maintain a stable body temperature.

Homotherms

Organisms maintaining body temperature using internal heat.

Endotherms

Organisms that generate heat internally to maintain their temperature.

Cold Blooded

Animals whose body temperature is based on the environment.

Poikilotherms

Organisms whose temperature changes based on environmental conditions.

Ectotherms

Organisms that rely on external heat sources to regulate body temperature.

Heterothermic Endotherms

Endotherms that can drop their stable body temperature during periods such as hibernation.

Behavioral Heat Regulation

Adaptations to maintain temperature by changing position, such as sitting in sun or shade.

Physiological Heat Regulation

Internal changes such as adjusting heart rate, blood flow, and metabolic rate to regulate temperature.

Heart Function

A pump that contracts to move blood through the body, sending deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to tissues.

Pulmonary Circulation

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back.

Systemic Circulation

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood back.

Blood Pressure and Velocity Relationship

As cross-sectional area increases, blood velocity decreases and pressure drops.

What is a thermoneutral zone

1. Range of environmental temperatures where BMR is sufficient to maintain body temperature(no energy needed) 

Warm-blooded

animals maintain a stable body temperature

Homotherms

Maintaining body temp, using internal heat 

Endotherms

generate heat internally to maintain temperature 

Cold Blooded

body temp based on environment 

Poikilotherms

temp changes based off environment 

Ectotherms

Rely on external heat

Homothermic endotherms

stable temp and internal heat 

Heterothermic Endotherms

Heterothermic Endotherms

Describe the difference between behavioral and physiological regulation of heat using the marine iguana example.

Behavior:  Sit in the, move to the shade, change posture

Physiological: Change heart rate, blood flow, and metabolism 

1. Describe the function of the heart as a circulatory pump

The heart is a pump that contracts to move blood through the body. It sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygen and pumps the oxygenated blood to tissues to give nutrients and remove waste.

Define the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation 

• pulmonary: carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to get oxygen and send it back to the heart

• Systematic: carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returns deoxgented back to the heart 

What is the relationship between the whole body atriel cross section area, blood pressure, and velocity?

1.  As cross section increses, the blood velocity decreases and the pressure drops. Arteries have high pressure and fast flow, while capilaries have the greatest total area and the slowest flow for each 

Draw this