APUSH AMSCO Period 4 Vocab Flashcards

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Thomas Jefferson

Leader of the Democratic-Republican Party; 3rd President of the United States.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 purchase from France that doubled the size of the United States.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Emperor of France in the early 1800s.

Strict Interpretation

The belief that the Constitution should be interpreted according to its literal wording.

Marbury v. Madison

The Supreme Court case that established judicial review.

Barbary Pirates

Africans who seized American ships.

Washington and Adams (Barbary Pirates)

Presidents who paid the Barbary Pirates to protect American ships.

Jefferson (Barbary Pirates)

President who decided to fight the Barbary Pirates when they demanded more money.

Impressment

The British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

An incident in which the British warship Leopard fired on the American warship Chesapeake, nearly leading to war.

Embargo Act (1807)

Prohibited American merchant ships from sailing to any foreign port.

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

Allowed Americans to trade with all nations except Britain and France; it replaced the Embargo Act.

Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810)

Stated that if either Britain or France formally agreed to respect American neutrality at sea, the United States would prohibit trade with the other nation.

War of 1812

A war caused by continued violations of American neutrality at sea and conflicts with the British on the western frontier.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812 by ending the fighting, returning all conquered territory, and recognizing prewar boundaries.

Battle of Tippecanoe

A battle in which Harrison destroyed the Shawnee headquarters and ended Tecumseh's efforts to form a Native American confederacy.

War Hawks

People who were eager for war with Britain.

Henry Clay

A War Hawk leader in Congress who developed the American System, negotiated numerous compromises, and was involved in the "corrupt bargain" that led to John Quincy Adams becoming president.

John C. Calhoun

A War Hawk leader in Congress, Jackson's first Vice President, and the person who introduced the theory of nullification.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who supported a strong federal government.

The Star-Spangled Banner

The national anthem, inspired by Fort McHenry's resistance to the British attempt to capture Baltimore.

Andrew Jackson

Controlled American troops in the South during the War of 1812; 7th President of the United States; known as a "self-made man."

Hartford Convention

A meeting held in response to radical Federalists' hints of secession. It led to a requirement that a two-thirds vote be obtained for any future declaration of war.

Battle of New Orleans

The last major conflict of the War of 1812.

William Henry Harrison

A person who took action against Native Americans just before the War of 1812.

Owning Land

What Jefferson equated with freedom.

Judicial Review

The power of the courts to determine whether laws are constitutional.

U.S. and European Nations Cannot Interfere with One Another

What the Monroe Doctrine stated.

Era of Good Feelings

The name for President Monroe's two terms, a period characterized by strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion.

James Monroe

5th President of the United States; member of the Democratic-Republican Party.

Tariff of 1816

The first protective tariff, which helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods.

Second Bank of the United States

Chartered in 1816; similar to Hamilton's bank but with more capital.

Panic of 1819

An economic crisis characterized by deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment that ended the Era of Good Feelings.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

A 1819 Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that states could not interfere with private contracts.

McCulloch v. Maryland

A 1819 Supreme Court case that confirmed the supremacy of the national government over state governments.

Gibbons v. Ogden

A 1824 Supreme Court case that established the federal government's authority to regulate interstate commerce.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state; prohibited slavery north of 36°30' in the Louisiana Purchase territory.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Stated that further European attempts to colonize land or interfere with nations in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.

National (Cumberland) Road

A paved highway that extended more than a thousand miles from Maryland to Illinois.

Erie Canal

A canal in New York that played a major role in connecting the economies of western farms and eastern cities.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts.

Market Revolution

A period of change characterized by factories, new transportation systems, commercial agriculture, industrial growth, and the development of modern capitalism.

Lowell System

A system in which young farm women were recruited to work in factories and housed in company dormitories.

Trade (Craft) Unions

Organizations formed by factory workers to protest long hours, low pay, and poor working conditions; their efforts were mostly unsuccessful.

Cotton Gin

A machine that revolutionized cotton production in the South.

Principal Cash Crop in the South in the 19th Century

Cotton.

Specialization

The process by which different regions focused on producing different goods or developing different industries.

Robert Fulton

Invented the steamboat.

The American System

An economic program developed by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; it emphasized a strong federal role in the economy.

Era of the Common Man

The era that began when Jackson was elected over Adams; Jacksonians claimed that America had entered a new era of democracy.

Common Man

The "average" American citizen, whose concerns are represented in government.

Self-Made Man

A political leader who worked his way up from the bottom, such as Andrew Jackson.

Universal White Male Suffrage

The extension of voting rights to all white males, regardless of social standing.

"King Caucus"

The method used to nominate presidential candidates before Jackson's election: a closed-door meeting of a political party's leaders in Congress.

Party Nominating Convention

A gathering in which party politicians and voters met in a large hall to nominate their party's candidates.

"Corrupt Bargain"

Refers to the election of 1824, in which Henry Clay convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams instead of Jackson, provided Adams appointed Clay as Secretary of State.

Popular Campaigning

Campaigns featuring floats and large rallies that turned politics into local entertainment while increasing voter turnout.

Spoils System

A system in which the political party whose leader is in office gives government positions to its supporters. Jackson used this system.

Rotation in Office

Jackson's system of periodically replacing government officials to allow ordinary citizens to play a more prominent role in government.

John Quincy Adams

6th President of the United States, serving from 1825 to 1829.

Antebellum Period

The period before the Civil War.

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival that renewed religious feeling and belief in the early 1800s.

American Temperance Society

A temperance organization that attempted to persuade drinkers to take a pledge of total abstinence from alcohol.

Joseph Smith

Founder of Mormonism.

Brigham Young

The successor of Joseph Smith who led the Mormons to Utah.

Oneida Community

A cooperative community in New York dedicated to achieving perfect social and economic equality through shared property and the practice of polygamy.

Henry David Thoreau

A Transcendentalist writer who advocated for "civil disobedience."

Brook Farm

A community formed by Transcendentalist intellectuals who emphasized simple living while pursuing intellectual interests.

Lucretia Mott

A leading female abolitionist who fought for women's rights alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

A women's organization founded by Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption.

Utopian Communities

Groups of people who attempted to establish a perfect society.

New Harmony

A nonreligious experimental community founded by Robert Owen to address problems of inequality and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution.

McGuffey Readers

Elementary textbooks used to teach reading and morality.

Cult of Domesticity

The negative view of women’s role in the home as trapped and given limited opportunities.

Hudson River School

A genre of paintings depicting people engaged in everyday activities.

Frederick Douglass

An abolitionist who wrote the anti-slavery newspaper The North Star.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer who advocated for improvements in the treatment of people with mental illnesses.

Horace Mann

A leading advocate of the common (public) school system.

Abolitionism

The movement to end slavery.

American Anti-Slavery Society

A radical abolitionist organization founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists who burned the Constitution because they viewed it as a pro-slavery document.

Grimké Sisters

The name given to two women reformers who opposed male resistance to their anti-slavery activities.

Harriet Tubman

An abolitionist who helped organize efforts to assist enslaved people escaping to free territory.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

The first national women's rights convention, where the Declaration of Sentiments was written.

Susan B. Anthony

A women's rights activist who led the campaign for equal voting rights alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

American Colonization Society

An organization that purchased land in Africa and helped return free African Americans to Africa.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A women's rights leader who organized the first women's rights convention with Lucretia Mott, issued the Declaration of Sentiments, demanded voting rights for women, and co-founded the National Woman's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony.

Cherokee Nation v. Virginia

A Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that the Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in federal court.

Tariff of 1828

A protective tariff passed by Congress that satisfied Northern manufacturers but alienated Southern planters.

"Tariff of Abominations"

The name Southerners gave to the Tariff of 1828.

Revolution of 1828

Jackson's presidential victory over Adams, which included a smear campaign against Adams.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

An act passed during Jackson's presidency that forced the resettlement of many thousands of Native Americans.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Bank of the United States whose arrogance contributed to suspicions that the bank abused its powers and served only the interests of the wealthy.

Cherokee Trail of Tears

In 1838, the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and move west, resulting in the deaths of 4,000 Cherokees.

States' Rights

The rights and powers held by individual U.S. states rather than by the federal government.

Nullification Crisis

South Carolina passed a resolution nullifying tariffs within the state. Jackson then passed the Force Bill and issued a Proclamation to the People of South Carolina, declaring that nullification and disunion were acts of treason.

Force Bill

A bill passed by Congress during the Nullification Crisis that gave Jackson the authority to use military force against South Carolina.

Bank of the United States

A national bank that received federal deposits and attempted to serve the public interest by cushioning fluctuations in the national economy.

Panic of 1837

An economic depression that began at the start of Van Buren's presidency and resulted from the closing of the national bank and Jackson's issuance of the Specie Circular.

Two-Party System

A political system dominated by two major political parties.

Democrats

The party led by Jackson; similar to the traditional Democratic-Republican Party.