Chapter 2 Homework/Assignment 1322-Nutrition & Diet Therapy

Which of the following statements is true?

Researchers use control groups to help determine whether the results of their treatments are accurate.

The scientific method can be applied to many situations, even your personal life. Organize the components of Luisa's self-experiment as they pertain to the order of the scientific method.

Luisa notices that she occasionally develops painful intestinal cramps and excess intestinal gas after she consumes meals or snacks.

Luisa suspects that her abdominal discomfort occurs because she cannot digest lactose, a form of carbohydrate in milk and some other dairy foods.

For one week, Luisa avoids all dairy foods and drinks milk. She continues to record information concerning bouts of abdominal distress.

Luisa reviews her records and determines that during the week in which she did not drink milk or eat foods that contained milk, she did not experience abdominal discomfort.

Luisa tells her physician about her findings, and she begins drinking lactose-free milk.

A team of scientists wants to conduct a study to determine the effects of a high-fiber diet on the health of the colon (large intestine). Consider the situations below, and match the situation with the type of human research study that it is describing.

Experimental (Intervention) Study

The Scientists randomly divide a group of healthy college students into two groups. One group receives fiber-rich crackers and the other group receives placebo crackers. For 3 months, bowel movements they have each day.

The researchers randomly divide a group of people who have chronic constipation into two groups. Members of one group receive a fiber-rich beverage to consume daily. Members of the other group receive a placebo beverage for. For 6 weeks, subjects record the number of bowel movements they have daily.

Prospective cohort Study

The investigators recruit a group of 2,500 healthy people and collect information about the participants' current fiber intake and other lifestyle practices. At the end of the 15 year study, each participant undergoes medical testing to determine the health of his or her colon.

Retrospective cohort study

The researchers interview a group of older adults who have colon cancer concerning their past dietary practices. The scientists analyze the data to see if there is a correlation between fiber intake during the young adult years and the risk of colon cancer later in life.

Case-controlled Study

The investigators match persons with chronic constipation to persons who have similar characteristics but have normal bowel function. The scientists collect information about the lifestyle practices of each subject. This information is analyzed to determine whether the people with chronic constipation have different dietary practices than the people who do not have the condition.

A study that has a control group is more likely to produce scientifically-valid results than a similar study that does not have a control group.

True

Determine whether each relationship described below is an inverse (negative) or a direct (positive) correlation.

Direct (positive) correlation

As high-calorie fast food consumption increases, waist circumference and weight increase.

An increase in the number of pregnant women NOT taking folic acid leads to an increase in the number of neural tube defects in their babies.

As a population's intake of whole grain products decreases, the population's fiber intake decreases.

Inverse(negative) correlation

As vitamin D fortified milk intake in childhood and adolescence increases, the risk of having bone fractures in older adulthood decreases.

As cardiovascular exercise in people with hypertension (high blood pressure) increases, average systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings decrease.

According to results of a study involving human subjects, as a population's intake of added sugars decreased, the population risk of heart disease decreased. This is an example of a (an)

direct (positive) correlation

Scientists plan to study a possible link between the development of arthritis in humans and dietary factors that influence the development of the chronic condition. Consider the four research designs described below, and match the design with the type of experimental or epidemiological study that it is describing.

Retrospective Cohort Study

Scientists interview a large group of people about their health and past dietary practices including the the kinds of foods they usually ate and which dietary supplements they used regularly. The dietary practices of the subjects who have arthritis are compared to those of subjects who do not have the condition.

Experimental (Intervention) Study

A large group of people with arthritis are divided into two groups. The members of one group are given pills that contain the dietary supplement glucosamine with chondroitin and members of the other group are given pills that are placebos. During the study, members of each group do not know if they are taking the dietary supplement or the placebo.

Case-Control Study

Researchers match one person with arthritis to a similar person who does not have arthritis. The scientists collect and analyze information from the subjects, including food choices and use of dietary supplements.

Prospective Cohort Study

A research team recruits a group of healthy people, and studies them for 10 years to determine if any dietary practice is associated with an increased or decreased risk of arthritis.

According to results of a study involving human subjects, as a population's intake of whole and minimally-processed foods increased, the population's risk of overweight and obesity decreased. This is an example of a (an)____

Inverse (negative) correlation

Which of the following statements is true?

Similar studies often have different results because of differences in the way the studies are designed.

Avoiding research bias is important for developing objective, reliable health-related information that can be used by the public.

An organization representing dairy farmers provides a monetary grant to a researcher who will study whether drinking three cups of milk per day promotes weight loss.

A soft drink producers' trade group funds a study to determine whether the removal of soft drink machines from schools negatively affects the number of extracurricular activities that are offered by administrators in those schools.

A drug company that makes dietary supplements funds a study that indicates the health benefits of taking megadoses of vitamin Con a daily basis.

A physician who focuses on child health concerns ( a pediatrician) is opposed to administering vitamin D supplements to breastfed babies. This physician thinks the vitamin contributes to excess weight gain among infants. According to this doctor, his records indicate that breastfed babies who received the vitamin D supplement are 2 pounds heavier than breastfed babies who are the same age but did not receive the supplement.

In each of the situations described below, categorize each case of nutrition misinformation.

Anecdote

Jhamar's friend at the gym recommends a post-workout protein supplement because he says his muscle mass has increased dramatically since he began using it.

Jhamar's aunt tells him that he needs to start a low-carbohydrate diet because it's helped her lose weight.

Testimonial

Jhamar reads a short interview by one of his favorite actors n a magazine. In the interview, the actor talks about how much a particular brand of B vitamin supplement helps him sustain high energy levels and prevent illness.

Pseudoscience

Jhamar sees an online ad for a dietary supplement that contains coconut oil. According to the ad, the pills contain chemically=active coconut rejuvenators.

Jhamar receives an email from a manufacturer of a company that makes a functional food. According to the email, the functional food contains 7 pro-oxidizing, high-intensity ingredients that make it nutritionally-superior to the natural form of the food.

Which of the following statements explains why there is so much nutrition and health misinformation.

Promoters use of pseudoscience in their ads.

The general public lacks a basic understanding of science, and particularly, how they body functions.

Promoters often spread false information that fosters consumers mistrust of the scientific community.

In each of the situations described below, categorize each case of nutrition misinformation.

Anecdote

Marta's biking partner encourages her to buy a dietary supplement that contains a mixture of vitamins and minerals. According to the friend, the supplement gave her additional energy so she could bike farther than she could before using it..

Clara tells her father to take a dietary supplement that contains the B-vitamin biotin because the nutrient made her hair stop falling out.

Testimonial

Noah Fameish, a well-known Hollywood actor, was recently hired by a dietary supplement manufacturer to recommend the company's products in social media videos. Noah does not use the supplements.

Quackery

A woman who claims to be a "medical doctor" demonstrates the use of her electronic device that cures back pain instantly with out the use of conventional medical treatment.

A physician writes a popular book that promotes the use of coffee enemas for the treatment of colon cancer.

A nationall accredited university publishes highlights of a recent study about the effects of beef intake on risk of heart disease.

edu

A government health agency promotes its campaign to increase calcium consumption among preteen girls.

gov

A nationally recognized health association that is for people with diabetes provides information about choosing healthful foods for diabetes management.

org

A commercial website contains adds for gluten-free food products and supplements that are targeted for people who have intestinal problems.

com

Based on the information that is provided in the description, determine whether the website is a source of reliable nutrition information.

Reliable source of nutrition information

A nutrition blog on fiber featuring the HONcode symbol at the bottom of the main page of the website.

A scientific review to determine if creatine supplements are effective in improving athletic performance that appears on the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements.

Not Reliable source of nutrition information

A pop-up ad for B vitamins that promotes "endless energy" when you are doing a general web search on natural sleep aids

A website with a subscription =based product that promises to tell you about the weight=loss secret physicians and dietitians don't want you to know about

Consumers who experience serious adverse health effects while taking dietary supplements should ___.

Contact the manufactures of the dietary supplements to inform them about the serious health problems that may have resulted from taking their products.

Be examined by their physician immediately

Keira is overweight and has a condition called prediabetes. To help her lose weight, she would like reliable advice from a healthcare professional who has specific knowledge of foods, nutrition, and diet therapies. Which of the following persons should she contact for help?

A registered dietitian who counsels patients in a hospital clinic

Registered dietitians can work in a variety of settings. Match the workplace setting with the type of dietitian who is associated with that kind of work.

Clinical dietitian

A registered dietitian who works in an outpatient hospital setting helping people who have recently had heart attacks develop more heart healthy eating habits.

Food systems management dietitian

A registered dietitian who works for a school district and is in charge of developing the school lunch menus, ordering food and overseeing its distrution to the district's school-aged children.

Research dietitian

A registered dietitian who works for a university-based research group studying the effect of fiber intake on colon cancer risk in newly emigrated populations.

According to the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), dietary supplements include ____.

herbal or botanical products

vitamin or mineral pills

promoters of dietary supplements often make claims that may or may not be supported by scientific evidence of health benefits or risks. Match the dietary supplement with its known health effect.

Ginger: Can safely treat morning sickness and some other forms of nausea.

Generally safe but may cause diarrhea

May interact with oral contraceptives

May increase blood pressure and cause stroke.

Dietary supplement manufactures can bypass many of the strict regulations that apply to the introduction of new medications into the marketplace.

Manufacturers must notify the FDA and provide the agency with information about the safety of any supplement that contains dietary ingredients that were not marketed in dietary supplements prior to 1994, unless the substance had been used in foods.

Manufacturers are required to keep records concerning reports they receive about serious adverse health effets that may have been caused by their products.

The physician asked Denny about his use of dietary supplements because she knows some dietary supplements that contain echinacea can cause allergic reactions.

True

Many Americans, including Danny, take echinacea because they think it ____.

Boosts immune system functioning and prevents the common cold.

Because Denny is allergic to ragweed, he may experience an allergic reaction to ____.

Echinacea

The statements below describe some different kinds of health care. To complete each sentence that is on the right, drag the appropriate term or terms that are on the left to the statement.

Alternative health care practices include the use of dietary supplements to treat or prevent health disorders.

Some medical professionals practice integrative medical cared when they combine alternative health care practices that have scientific support for their safety and effectiveness with conventional medical care.

A physician who practices conventional medical care does not use or recommend alternative forms of health care.

The statements below describe the steps of the scientific method. Complete the sentences

Researchers make a (an) observation that people who like to camp take megadoses of thiamin to repel mosquitoes..

Researchers develop the following hypothesis: Taking megadoses of thiamin is an effective way to prevent mosquito bites."

Researchers randomly divide 100 people into two groups, each of which have 50 subjects. The treatment group is given pills that contain a very high amount of thiamin.

Researchers analyze data about the number of mosquito bites people in each group receive.