Week 12 - Trace minerals

Body needs the most ____ for trace minerals?

Iodine

What are the 4 forms of iron

1. Heme protein

2. Iron-sulfur enzymes (aid energy metabolism)

3. Iron storage and transport molecules (Transferrin and lactoferrin)

4. Iron-containing or activated enzymes (sulfur, non-heme enzymes)

The function of ferritin

Draws iron from food

• stored in cells/small intestine

• released when needed

• if not needed excreted via the shedding of intestinal cells

Heme iron

only found in animal derived foods

~ 25% of heme irone consumed is absorbed by the body

Non-heme iron

Plant based foods, eggs and dairy

• only 17% of non heme is absorbed by the body

What aids in the absorbtion of non-heme iron

1. MFP - peptide released during the digestion of meat, fish and poultry

2. Acid (citric and lactic acids)

3. Fructose and vitamin C

What is iron transported around the body by?

transferrin

• most iron is used by bone marrow to make new rbc

How much iron is lost per day and when menstruating?

1 mg/day

+0.5 during mensturation

What does the liver and spleen do to iron?

Dismantle RBC and packages Fe into transferrin

• stores excess Fe in ferritin

What inhibits iron absorption

1.Tannic acid and polyphenols in tea and coffee

• tea reduce intake by 50%

• bind to non-heme iron

2.Phytates (legumes, grains, nuts and seed)

• reduce non-heme iron absorbtion

3.Calcium

• inhibit both non-heme and heme iron

Iron deficiency symptoms

• koilonychia - spoon shaped/soft nails

• fatigue and decreased productivity

• headaches, dizziness

• pica

• swelling and soreness of tongue and mout

Iron toxicity

Hemochromatosis

• caused by genetic failure, absorb too much iron from food

• affects more men than women (mensturation)

• damage the organs

Managed through

• Phlebotomy —> removal of blood

• Chelation therapy —> use chelate to form a complex with fe and promote its excretion

Iron poisoning

• excessive supplements

• nausea, abdominal pain, diarraohea

• cell death and internal bleeding

Zinc

most concentrated in the body

present in all cells (mainly muscle and bone)

Role of Zinc

• produce vitamin A

• Wound healing

• Blood clotting

• growth and development

• sperm production

Where is zinc absorbed?

Intestinial cells (retained until needed)

Where is zinc stored?

Metallothionein (crystal rich proteins)

• transported by albumin and transferrin to the pancreas and then recycled back into the small intestine

How is zinc excreted?

Shedding intestinial cells or reabsorbed by the body

Sources of zinc

• meat

• shellfish

• dairy

• legumes

• nuts

FRUITS AND VEG CONTAIN VERY LITTLE

Zinc deficiency and symptoms

stunted growth and immature sexual development

Symptoms

• weight loss

• lack of alertness

• decrease sense of smell and taste

• open wounds

• chronic deficiency - damage CNS and brain

Zinc toxicity

• nausea and vomiting

• cramps and diarrohea

• less likely to have long term consequences

Iodine

essential to make thyroid hormones

• thyroxinne (T4)

• tri-iodothyronine (T3)

iodine content is highly dependant on the iodine content of the soil

Source of iodine

Marine fish and shellfish

Deficiency and toxicity of iodine

Deficiency

• thyroid gland increase in size (goitre) to make more hormones —> hypothyroidism

• Maternal iodine deficiency —> cretinism

• Important in development of fetus, babies and children

What other factors would cause goitres

Excessive intake of goitrogen

• spinach

• cabbage

• broccoli

• cauliflower

• radishes

Toxicity of iodine

Particularly harmful to infants

• severe goitre —> suffocation

• diarrohea

• nausea

• swelling of airways

• weak pulse or coma

Selenium role

• Make antioxidant enzymes, prevents cell damage

• reduce risk of cancer

• protect against heart disease

• mental decline

• thyroid health

Sources of selenium

• seafood/meat

• grains,nuts and seeds (brazil nuts)

• veg and fruits

HIghly dependant on soil

Keshan and Keshan Beck Disease

Selenium deficiency disease

• degeneration of organs and tissues, cardiac enlargement and heart failure

• Prevelant in children, teens and young women

Selenium deficiency symptoms

• fatigue

• muscle weakness

• hair loss

• weakened immune system

Populations susceptible to se deficiency

• Undergoing dialysis - more blood gone

• HIV patients - se used up faster

• Crohns Disease - chronic diarrohea and intestinal issues

Se toxicity

• 400 micrograms /day

• Brittle hair and nails

• Garlic breath

Copper roles

• form collagen and absorb iron —> making RBC and maintain immune system

• most found in liver, brain, heart and kidney and skeletal muscle

Sources of copper

• liver/offal

• shellfish

• nuts and seeds

Deficiency of copper

High Fe and Zn may reduce cu absorbtion

• anemia

• low body temperature

• thyroid problems

• bone fractures

Menkes disease

Deficiency of copper

• infant and children

• sparse kinky hair

• impaired development

• deterioration of nervous system

Wilsons disease

Toxicity of copper

• accumulation of cu in liver

• fatigue

• lack of appetite

• abdominal pain

• fluid build up

• speech and coordination impaired

Manganese roles

Body contains 20 mg

• Supports brain, nervous system and enzyme systems

• Works with ca, zn and cu to maintain bone mineral density

Sources of Mn

Wide variety of foods

• whole grains

• nuts

• leafy vegetables

Barriers of Mn absorbtion

• Phytates

• Inc Fe and Ca2+

Manganese posioning (Manganism)

• Unlikely from diet

• People that work in contaminated environments (miners)

Symptoms for Manganism

• reduced response speed

• irritability

• mood changes

• resemble parkinsons

Flouride roles

• preventing cavities

• daily requirement <4 mg/day

Sources of flouride

• toothpaste

• tea

• seafood

• drinking water (added for dental health)

Flouride toxicity

While teeth forming can cause fluorosis

• mottled appearance on enamel

Chromium

• associated with impaired glucose control

• essential for carb and lipid metabolism

Enhance insulin action

• Low chromium levels —> elevated blood sugar lvl

• High chromium levels —> glucose tolerance factors (small organic compounds - help enhance insulin action)

Contaminant minerals

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Lead

• affect brain and nervous system development (children)

• HIGH risk of high BP and kidney damage (adults)

Sources of lead contamination

• mining, smelting

• leaded paint

• contaminated water

Mercury

Toxic effects on nervous, digestive and immune system

Cadmium

consumption of contaminated foods

• inhalation of tobacco somke

toxic effects on kidney, skeletal and respiratory system