Knowt Tests 1-4

Open spaces in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid are called: 

Ventricles

Which ventricle is found in each cerebral hemisphere?

Lateral ventricle

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that protects the brain?

White matter

8. Heart rate and breathing rhythm are primarily controlled by the: 

Medulla oblongata

A patient is having difficulty with balance and coordination. Which structure is most likely affected?

Cerebellum

Loss of touch and pressure in the left hand suggests damage to which cortex region?

Postcentral gyrus

Which is a higher-order brain function? 

Memory

Which are considered special senses?

Vision and hearing 

Which are considered general senses?

Touch and pain

Which receptor type detects pain?

Nociceptor

Nociceptors are commonly found in: 

All of these 

Sensory input from the skin travels along which pathway?

Afferent

Which division controls skeletal muscle contraction?

Somatic

Touch receptors in the skin travel along which pathway? 

Somatic sensory pathway 

Shrugging your shoulders is an example of:

Somatic motor output

Which is a response to sympathetic activation?

Increased energy use

Which is NOT a sympathetic response?

Increased digestion

Parasympathetic activity causes:

Increased digestive activity

10. Which nerve provides about 75% of parasympathetic outflow?

Vagus nerve 

Inability to form new long-term memories indicates impairment of: 

Memory consolidation 

Which special senses are chemical senses?

Smell and taste

The olfactory organs are located:

In the nasal cavity on either side of the nasal septum

Olfactory receptors detect:

Dissolved chemicals from the air

Which sense bypasses the thalamus?

Smell

Gustation is the sense of:

Taste

The auricle functions to:

Funnel sound into the ear

The tympanic membrane:

Separates the external and middle ear 

The ossicles are: 

Malleus, incus, stapes

Which sequence correctly describes how sound waves are converted into neural signals for hearing?

Sound waves > tympanic membrane vibrates > ossicles move > stapes pushes on oval window > pressure waves move basilar membrane > hair cells bend against tectorial membrane > cochlear branch of CN VIII carries signal

The three layers of the eye are:

Fibrous, vascular, and inner layers

The endocrine system primarily regulates:

Long-term processes such as growth, development, and reproduction

The endocrine system is controlled at the highest level by the: 

Hypothalamus

6. Which hormone stimulates thyroid hormone production? 

TSH

A calorigenic effect refers to: 

Increased heat production and metabolic rate

The parathyroid glands are located:

Embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid

The adrenal glands are located:

Along the superior border of each kidney

The adrenal gland has two subdivisions:

Cortex and medulla

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by:

Inability to regulate blood glucose levels effectively

Blood belongs to which organ system? 

Cardiovascular

Important functions of blood include:

Transport, pH regulation, clotting, defense, temperature stabilization

Whole blood consists of:

Plasma and formed elements

Type O negative blood is considered the universal donor because it:

Has no surface antigens

Type A blood has which antigen?

A antigen

Type B blood plasma contains:

Anti-A antibodies

The primary general function of white blood cells (WBCs) is to:

Defend against pathogens and remove toxins

During blood clotting, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin, which:

Forms a mesh that stabilizes the clot

Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the body (systemic circulation)?

Right atrium

Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)?

Right ventricle 

Which vessel returns blood to the heart from the body?

Superior vena cava 

Which vessels return blood from the lungs to the heart?

Pulmonary veins

Which laver of the heart wall is responsible for contraction and pump blood?

Myocardium

Which ventricle has thicker walls? 

Left ventricle

Which of these is the most common cause of coronary artery disease (CAD)? 

Plaque buildup in arteries 

Systole is the ___________ of a chamber of the heart. 

Contraction

During which phase are AV valves open?

Atrial systole

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries

Which of these correctly lists the layers of blood vessel walls from inside to outside?

Intima>Media>Externa

Which layer of blood vessel walls contains endothelium?

Tunica intima

Which layer of blood vessel walls contains primarily smooth muscle?

Tunica media 

5. What is the primary function of capillaries?

Exchange materials

Which of these are the smallest blood vessels of the body?

Capillaries

Which feature is unique to veins?

Valves

8.Which of these is considered a normal blood pressure reading?

120/80 mmHg

The pharynx is shared by which two systems?

Digestive; respiratory

The pharynx can also be called the…

Nasal cavity

Which lung has three lobes?

Right lung

What are alveoli? 

Air sacs at the end of the bronchial tree 

Diffusion is the movement of particles from areas of _____ to _____ concentration. 

High>low

What is chyme?

The liquid that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

Beta cells of the pancreas produce:

Insulin

Why is conscious relaxation necessary for urination?

Because the external urethral sphincter is made of skeletal muscle 

What stimulates the micturition reflex?

Filling of the urinary bladder with urine (Stretching of the urinary bladder)

What is the process of ovum production called?

Oogenesis

During menstruation (or menses), the functional zone of the endometrium…

It is shed during a period of bleeding

Which of these is NOT a function of the vagina?

Elimination of urine.

________ is the period when a female ceases ovulation and menstruation.

Menopause

18. What is the name of the period of reproductive decline in males?

Male climacteric