Human Anatomy & Physiology - Bones and Skeletal Tissues

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts related to bones and skeletal tissues from the Human Anatomy & Physiology lecture.

Skeletal Cartilage

Made of cartilage tissue, consisting primarily of water and contains no blood vessels or nerves.

Types of Cartilage

Three types: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

Hyaline Cartilage

Most abundant skeletal cartilage; provides support, flexibility, and resilience.

Elastic Cartilage

Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers, found in external ear and epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage

Highly compressed with great tensile strength; contains collagen fibers and is found in menisci of the knee.

Appositional Growth of Cartilage

Cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage.

Axial Skeleton

Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the upper and lower limbs, including shoulder and hip bones.

Long Bones

Bones longer than they are wide, e.g., humerus.

Short Bones

Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle.

Flat Bones

Thin, flattened, and slightly curved bones, e.g., sternum and skull bones.

Irregular Bones

Bones with complicated shapes, e.g., vertebrae and hip bones.

Functions of Bones

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell formation.

Bone Markings

Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, tendons, joint surfaces, and conduits for blood vessels and nerves.

Compact Bone

Dense outer layer of bone.

Spongy Bone

Bone with a honeycomb structure filled with yellow bone marrow.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells.

Osteoclasts

Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix.

Hydroxyapatites

Mineral salts that comprise 65% of bone mass, mainly calcium phosphates, responsible for bone hardness.

Bone Remodeling

Process where adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts deposit and resorb bone.

Wolff’s Law

The principle that a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it.

Types of Bone Fractures

Classified by position of bone ends, completeness, orientation to long axis, and whether ends penetrate skin.

Nondisplaced Fracture

Bone ends retain their normal position.

Comminuted Fracture

Bone fragments into three or more pieces.

Greenstick Fracture

Incomplete fracture where one side breaks and other bends, common in children.

Stages in Healing of Bone Fracture

Include hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

Osteoporosis

Disease where bone resorption outpaces bone deposition, increasing fracture risk.

Paget’s Disease

Characterized by excessive bone formation and breakdown, leading to weakened bone.