HIS111 Midterm Study Guide

What is an example of a primary source?

a diary entry by a person who lived in the period under discussion

Whom do the Chinese view as the father of history?

Sima Qian

What explains the relatively harmonious relationship between French colonists and the Indigenous peoples of Canada?

The French could not afford to anger Indigenous peoples who assisted them in acquiring furs

What interpretation of history assumes that history can be viewed primarily through the lives and choices of leaders?

great man theory

The belief that history is moved primarily by class struggle is

the Marxist interpretation of history

What is the most immediate motivator of a historical event?

primary cause

Our perspectives are deeply rooted in social constructs

which we learn from our upbringing and environment

Who founded the Mughal Empire?

Babur

What was Din-i Ilahi?

a religion created by Akbar

Which group was not found in large numbers in Gujarat before the arrival of Europeans?

Roman Catholics

Aurangzeb executed the guru Tegh Bahadur. What religion was Bahadur a leader of?

Sikh

Which port city was the base of the Portuguese State of India?

Goa

In which region did the British compete intensely with the French?

Bengal

Parameswara the founder of the Malaccan Sultanate descended from the rulers of what empire?

Srivijayan Empire

What was the Undang-Undang Laut Melaka?

a Malaccan maritime law code that governed the conduct of sailors and traveling merchants

What was the result of Portugal's effort to Christianize the subjects of the Sultanate of Ternate?

The Muslims of Ternate began a holy war against the Portuguese and drew closer to the Muslim world

For what reason did China go to war with Japan in the sixteenth century?

Japan invaded China's vassal state of Korea

The Qing dynasty incorporated all the following areas into China except

Cambodia

What was the goal of the Silhak movement?

to solve social problems by studying science and technology

Why was the camel important to trans-Saharan trade?

Its biological advantages made regular long-distance trade in the Sahara possible

How did the widespread adoption of Islam help facilitate trans-Saharan trade?

by giving Muslim merchants traders and caravanners a shared set of customs laws traditions and language

In addition to gold and salt what two other types of goods were regularly exported from Africa?

textiles and enslaved people

In the mid-fifteenth century who purchased enslaved people from Mali on the Senegambia coast?

Portuguese

What were some of the key exports from Songhai?

kola nuts salt and gold

What were Timbuktu and Djenné renowned as?

centers of Islamic learning and religious scholarship as well as trans-Saharan trade

What was the capital of the Songhai Empire?

Gao

Why didn't the trading ports of the Swahili coast extend along the full length of the coast of Africa?

The seas there were too rough for the dhows and the monsoon winds too weak

What trade item was produced in the Swahili city-states?

pottery

What was the source of most of the enslaved people who were traded on the Swahili coast?

the interior of the African continent

Which Swahili city-state came to dominate the southern part of the coast trading in gold with Sofala?

Kilwa

The Kanem-Bornu Empire was able to maintain its control over the slave trade partly through military innovations

including weapons imported from North Africa

By the eighteenth century what was the main slave trading center on the West African coast?

Whydah

Located in modern-day Ghana

Elmina was a flourishing center of the slave trade beginning in the sixteenth century

How were the initial English settlements primarily funded?

through joint stock companies

After their initial founding how did colonies in the Americas typically relate to their home countries?

Colonies relied on their home countries for supplies and economic support

Why is the city once known as New Amsterdam now known as New York?

The English renamed the city after they captured it from the Dutch

What was a major cause of the Seven Years' War?

growing rivalries between European powers

What was the primary reason for the creation of the British Raj?

the failure of the British East India Company to prevent unrest in India

What was the system by which the Qing dynasty controlled trade?

the Canton system

What was a result of the Qing dynasty's trade policies?

China temporarily enjoyed a favorable balance of trade

African resistance to European colonization was often a response to which line of trade?

the slave trade

What was King Philip's War?

a Native American uprising against English colonization

What is one difference between mercantilism and capitalism?

Mercantilism typically supports greater governmental regulation than capitalism

Which concept might be demonstrated by a chef who opens a new restaurant in hopes of getting rich and in the process benefits the community by hiring workers and serving food to neighbors?

the invisible hand

Adam Smith's ideas are rooted in the belief that

most people are rational

What is the manufacturing of goods at home that characterized the early years of the Industrial Revolution called?

cottage industry

The growth of early capitalism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was typified by all of the following EXCEPT

the active opposition of governments who believed capitalism would take away the authority of the government

All of the following were aspects of the North American colonial economy EXCEPT

the mita system by which native villages had to send workers to work in European-owned businesses

All of the following are aspects of African-American cultural traditions in America during the colonial era EXCEPT

the practice of slavery which was part of African society and continued in the Americas as many Africans moved to purchase slaves of their own

What is the form of reasoning that begins with a general theory and arrives at a specific conclusion after observing a body of information?

deductive reasoning

What premise is the concept of natural rights based on?

People have fundamental rights that cannot be revoked by human-made laws or political leaders

Which philosopher argued that all people are born free in a state of nature and the government should exist only by their consent?

John Locke

The belief that individuals must accept certain moral and political obligations as members of society is part of which philosophical concept?

the social contract

Which of the following was not true of European coffeehouses in the eighteenth century?

They were centers of royal power and tightly controlled by monarchs

Elite women typically hosted which influential settings for the exchange of Enlightenment ideas?

the salons

The Republic of Letters refers to which sphere of information exchange?

a long-distance community of writers who corresponded with each other across Europe and the Atlantic

What obstacle or obstacles made it difficult for those at the lower end of the socioeconomic ladder to actively participate in the print culture of the Enlightenment?

low levels of literacy and a lack of leisure time

What was a principal cause of the American Revolution?

British efforts to consolidate control over its colonies

What was a cause of the French Revolution?

an economic crisis

What was a similarity among the American French and Haitian revolutions?

the vision of natural rights

What was a key difference between the Haitian Revolution and those in British North America and France?

The Haitian Revolution directly addressed racial inequality

What was one of the main causes of the Haitian Revolution?

slave rebellion against White planters

What was a goal of the Congress of Vienna?

to restore the legitimacy of European monarchs

What were the four powers of the Quadruple Alliance?

Britain Prussia Russia and Austria

What was Metternich's goal in attempting to restore traditional monarchs?

restore the balance of power in Europe

The unification of Italy occurred under which political system?

monarchy

To what does the "invisible hand" refer?

unseen forces that regulate the market and economy

What were peninsulares?

White Europeans born in the Iberian Peninsula who lived in the Spanish American colonies

What were creoles?

White European colonists who were born and lived in the Americas

During the Bourbon Era why did the creole elite adopt Enlightenment ideas?

those ideas justified their desire for more social and political authority

To what did the term casta in Spanish America refer?

a social hierarchy encoded in law and based on what were thought to be inherited characteristics

Under the intendancy system what did the Bourbon kings in Spain do?

tried to stimulate trade and economic development in the Spanish colonies

What measure taken by radical French revolutionaries provoked insurrections in the Americas?

the ending of slavery in all French territory

What country was founded after a successful revolt by enslaved people?

Haitian

What was one characteristic of the Hidalgo revolt in Mexico?

the large-scale participation of the Indigenous and mixed-race labor force

What socioeconomic group was stronger at the end of Mexico's struggles for independence?

wealthy landowners

What did Latin American liberals/patriots usually favor?

increased participation in government

The South American wars of independence did not rely on

the support of the majority of the population

What was the most important action taken by the Congress of Cúcuta?

the writing of a liberal constitution for a new republican nation Gran Colombia

What did Simón Bolívar's political program for Gran Colombia envision?

a republican system with suffrage restricted to the propertied elite

What was the most critical issue discussed at the Guayaquil Conference?

how to defeat the Spanish forces in Peru

What did the relocation of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil do?

ended Brazil's colonial status and made it a kingdom on equal footing with Portugal

What was the event that precipitated the declaration of Brazil's independence?

refusal of Pedro I to obey the Portuguese Cortes's order to return to Portugal in 1822

How did Brazil differ from the former Spanish colonies after achieving its independence?

Brazil was governed by a monarch even after it became independent

In what part of Europe did Christian humanism develop?

Northern Europe

What practice of the Catholic Church did Martin Luther protest in the Ninety-five Theses?

the sale of indulgences

For what reason did Henry VIII reject the authority of the Catholic Church?

He was angry that the pope would not annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon

Why was the Jesuit order founded?

to educate young Catholic men

Their adoption of non-European navigational technology in the Age of Exploration allowed Europeans to

sail out of sight of the European coast

How did the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans help initiate the Age of Exploration?

It motivated European nations to search for an all-water route to the Indies that bypassed the Muslim Ottomans

Along with the desire to grow rich what motivated Portugal and Spain to explore new lands?

the desire to spread Christianity and counter the influence of Islam

What was a result of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Brazil became a Portuguese colony

How did other European nations respond to the Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal?

They ignored the treaty

Why were animal-borne infectious diseases more deadly for Indigenous peoples in the Americas than for Europeans?

Indigenous peoples had never been exposed to the infectious diseases originating in European domesticated animals

Which plant was introduced to the Eastern Hemisphere in the Columbian Exchange?

maize

What was a key feature of mercantilist theory?

the measuring of a nation's wealth in gold and silver

According to mercantilist theory what is the main purpose of colonies?

to provide natural resources for the home country

How did mercantilist policies hurt the working class?

The building up of surpluses of gold and silver led to inflation

What item exchanged in Africa as part of the triangular trade was made using a by-product of the labor of enslaved people?

rum

What is chattel slavery?

a form of slavery in which enslaved people are treated as pieces of property