Unit 0 key concepts (psych)

bias

A limitation in objective thinking: a tendency to experience information though a cognitive filter, including experience or preference.

Causality

The relationship between variables. Goals of most studies are a cause-and-effect relationship, but most of the time it is a correlation.

change

How to apply theory and finding with the goal of changing human behavior

measurement

Objectively quantify variables or results of an experiment/study, can be difficult in psychology since we are measuring human behavior.

perspective

An approach to the understanding of human beings from different viewpoints.

Responsibility

The relationship between parties involved - typically researchers and participants - and the need to act within certain social parameters.

participant bias

what you know is going to tamper with results

publication bias

only want to post positive/confirm results

researcher bias

whoever is in charge influences the results

confirmation bias

giving you info confirming your pre-existing belief

sampling bias

an error in the selection of participants or data for the study

gender bias

the tendency to favor a gender; look at a situation different based on them

cultural bias

the tendency to interpret or judge a human behavior through cultures lenses.

causation

establishing a cause&effect relationship. the independent variable causes the dependent variable to happen.

correlation

a relationship between two variables- not necessarily a cause & effect relationship

determinism

Determinism suggests that everything, including human actions, is predetermined by external factors

free will

that we have the power to make choices based on our own beliefs and desires

agency

the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices

locus of control

you vs outside factors

objective measurement

we want measurements based on observable verifiable terms.

qualitative measurement

non-numerical info

quantative

info expressed in numbers/measurements

operationalize

the process of defining an abstract or theoretical concept in a way that makes it measurable and observable through specific data collection and research methods.

construct

an abstract, unobservable concept or idea, such as intelligence, aggression, or motivation, that helps to explain and organize human behavior, thoughts, and emotions

subjective

something that is based on personal feelings, perceptions, and internal experiences rather than external, observable facts

reflexivity

the ongoing, conscious process by which a researcher reflects on how their own experiences, beliefs, values, and context influence their research

anecdotal

the use of personal stories or single, informal observations to support a claim, rather than systematic, scientific data

empirical

research and conclusions drawn from systematic observation, experimentation, or direct experience, rather than relying on theory, speculation, or philosophical principles alone

self reporting data

coming from a questionnaire/interview

overconfidence bias

the assumption that they think their better than average

social desirability bias

going to say what's expected of them & or what's socially expectable

retrospective

could be missing certain things due to trauma etc

Triangulation

using multiple datasets, methods, theories, and/or researchers to address a research question. This allows a researcher to show that the same results are obtained by different researchers or using different research methods

Method triangulation

using different methods

data triangulation

looking at multiple data sources

Researcher triangulation

having multiple people look to avoid biased

Biological Perspective

physical attributes

cognitive perspective

learning

sociocultural perspective

ur own culture & economic status

Humanistic Perspective

humans interactions & instinct & human behavior

psychodynamic perspective

uncountless thoughts we cant control

evolutionary perspective

how your psychology evolves over time generations

behavioral perspective

changing behavior

ecological perspective

physical enviorment

cross-cultural perspective

tackling other cultures to see if they the same

Interpretivism

qualitative methods & inductive approach

Positivism

quantitive data & deductive approach

holistic

looking at the whole situation in every aspect

reductionist

looking at individual symptoms or one aspect

inductive

start with the data then go to theory

deductive

start with the theory then the data

what are the 6 concepts

bias,causality,change,measurement,perspective,responsibility

what are the 3 areas of content

concepts,content,contexts

what is a bias (perspectives)

liability

what is perspective

diversity

what is the difference between bias vs perspective

perspective, our particular attitude towards or way of regarding something, and bias, . our tendency to be subjective when we weigh a situation or judge something

causation

Establishing a cause and effect relationship - the independent variable causes the dependent variable to happen.

What are the 4 areas of context

Health & Well-being

Human Development

Human Relationships

Learning & Cognition

Correlation

A relationship between two variables - not necessarily a cause & effect relationship.

What is the difference between causation & correlation?

correlation describes a relationship where two variables change together, but one does not necessarily cause the other, while causation means one variable directly influences or causes a change in another variable

What are the key aspects of an experiment?

research question, null hypothesis, data (qualitative/quantitive),limitations, procedure

what are the characteristics of agency

intentionally,self-regulation,self-efficacy,responsability

what are the types of determinism

biological, factors from biological factors,enviormental, shaped by external forces, soft,both(bio&enviromental)factors

null hypothesis

if the independent and dependent variable have no correlation

what are some issues with self-reported data

overconfidence bias, social desirability bias, retrospective

how does one avoid issues with self-reported data

method triangulation, data triangulation, researchers triangulation

what are the 4 key aspects of a researchers responsibility to a participant

Avoid harm,Maintain confidentiality,Provide informed consent,Provide the right to withdraw

how does cultural competence have an effect on responsibility

failing to recognize cultural differences can lead to harmful misunderstandings or biased interpretations of research findings

what are the 5 aspects of cultural competence for the indigenous community

Incorporating traditional knowledge,Holistic healing,Community Centered Approach,Historical trauma,Avoid pathologizing indigenous beliefs

what are the 5 aspects of responsibility psychologists have to clients

Competence,Duty of care,Client autonomy,Cultural sensitivity,Public welfare

what are some barriers to change

internal:lack of motivation, anxiety to change,consequences of change, caring what others think etc .

external:social norms, religion, routines etc.

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