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Overextension

Using a word to refer to a wider range of objects or events than its conventional meaning.

For example, using "dog" to refer to all four-legged animals.

Fast Mapping

The process by which children quickly learn the meaning of a new word after only a few exposures. Begins at 9mo.

Slow Mapping

The extended process of learning word meanings over time through repeated exposures and experiences

Extensions

Adult responses to a child's utterance that provide more information or elaborate on the child's meaning.

Expansions

Adult responses restructure a child's utterance into a more complete form while preserving the child's meaning. New semantic Info

Joint Reference

The shared focus of two individuals on an object or event; talking about this object.

Joint Attention

A specific type of joint reference where an infant and adult share awareness of an object or event. looking at it

Imitation

The act of copying or mimicking the behavior of another person, is crucial in language development.

6-9 mo. imitates simple actions

Vocables

Consistent sound patterns produced by infants that function as proto-words with a consistent meaning.

Vegetative Sounds

Sounds associated with physiological functions such as breathing, sucking, and swallowing.

Cooing

Vowel-like sounds produced by infants, usually emerging around 2-4 months of age.

Jargon Babbling

Babbling that has the rhythm and intonation of adult speech but lacks recognizable words. 7-8 mo

Transitional Babbling

A babbling stage that involves variegated babbling, showing more complexity.

Variegated Babbling

Babbling that includes different syllables and consonant-vowel combinations, indicating progress towards speech. 9-18 mo

Underextension

Using a word to refer to a narrower range of objects or events than its conventional meaning.

For example, using "dog" only for the family pet rather than all dogs.

Shared Book Reading

reading books aloud with children to promote language development.

Infant-Directed Singing

Singing to infants using exaggerated pitch and repetitive melodies to engage and regulate emotions. Increases attention

Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)

The average number of morphemes per utterance in a language sample, measuring grammatical development.

Type Token Ratio (TTR)

A measure of vocabulary diversity calculated by dividing the number of different words by the total number of words.

First Words

Labels for familiar people and objects that typically emerge around 12 months.

Vocabulary Growth

The significant increase in a child's vocabulary, often referred to as vocabulary spurt.

Language Samples

A tool used to assess and monitor a child's language development.

Social Interaction

Meaningful interactions with caregivers and peers essential for language acquisition.

Cognitive Development

Cognitive abilities like attention, memory, and problem-solving that underpin language learning.

Socioeconomic Factors

Conditions that may limit language enrichment opportunities for children from disadvantaged backgrounds.

Language Development Milestones (0-3 months)

Cooing begins; infants produce vowel-like sounds and respond to sounds. They demonstrate awareness of their surroundings. 3mo detect alliteration

Language Development Milestones (4-6 months)

Increased vocalizations; infants start babbling, combining consonants and vowels. Respond to name recognize faces. crawling and sitting.

Language Development Milestones (7-12 months)

First words emerge; use gestures to communicate and understand simple commands. They engage in joint attention. Walking and have developed object permanence

Language Development Milestones (12-18 months)

Vocabulary growth begins; say 1-2 words and understand more. They can follow simple directions. Imitation of actions, subsequential displacement and problem solving develop.

Language Development Milestones (18-24 months)

Vocabulary spurt occurs; say 50-100 words and form simple two-word phrases. They start to express thoughts more clearly. Cognitive thinking and pretend play develop.

When not to take language samples

Avoid taking language samples in stressful situations for the child, such as during illness, when they are tired, or in unfamiliar environments that may hinder their natural speech.

Purpose of Language Samples

Evaluates a child's language development and highlights areas needing support. Provides insights into vocabulary, sentence structure, fluency, and communicative effectiveness

Gestalt Language Processors (GLP)

Learn language by imitating long strings of words as single units, focusing on intonation and rhythm. At least 85% of autistic people are GLP’s

Characteristics of GLPs

Delayed echolalia Long, unintelligible chunks of speech, Stuck on single words, Replaying video parts. GLPs may not progress with traditional speech therapy.

Immediate Echolalia

Repeating utterances immediately, aiding language processing.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A family's SES includes income, education, and occupation, affecting resource access.

Intergenerational Poverty

Cycles of poverty limiting changes in behaviors and impacting child development.

Factors Contributing to Poverty

Household structure 2. Parents’ education 3. Genetic factors 4. Nutrition 5. Health issues.

Forms of Capital in SES

Human: Parental investment 2. Financial: Family contributions 3. Social-Cultural: Poverty culture 4. Social-Political: Community access 5. Environmental: Resource availability.

Impact of SES

Higher risks for language difficulties due to health, safety, and education factors.

Health Factors Affecting Language Development

Poor prenatal care, substance abuse, malnutrition, and hazards hinder growth.

Educational Factors Affecting Development

Low parental education, absences, limited exposure, and scarce resources hinder growth.

Early Intervention of SES

Reducing the effects of low socioeconomic status (SES) involves early screenings, providing resources, educating parents, and implementing interventions.

steps of mlu calculation

reliable valid sample striving for 100-150 utterances, record, transcribe, analyze.

1 - 4 month

reacts to visual and auditory stimulation, explores environment with mouth, cooing begins

Fight or flight response

Sympathetic Nervous System response

Broca's area function

speech production and language expression.

Brain stem components

Includes structures such as the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; does NOT include the cerebellum.

Mobile articulators

Structures that can move to help form sounds, including the tongue, velum, and mandible; NOT the hard palate.

Source-Filter Theory of Speech Production

The theory that states speech sounds are produced by a voicing source from the vocal folds shaped by the vocal tract.

Hypoglossal nerve

XII.

The cranial nerve responsible for the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue.

Trigeminal nerve

Cranial Nerve V.

responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing.

Oculomotor nerve

III

A cranial nerve that controls most of the eye's movements, the constriction of the pupil, and maintains an open eyelid.

Glossopharyngeal nerve

IX

Cranial nerve that involves taste from the posterior one-third of the tongue and innervates the pharynx.

Vagus nerve

X

The cranial nerve that extends from the brainstem to the abdomen, essential for autonomic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.

Olfactory nerve

I

The cranial nerve responsible for the sense of smell.

Abducens nerve

VI

Cranial nerve that controls the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, responsible for outward gaze.

Facial nerve

VII

Controls muscles of facial expression and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.

Optic nerve

II

The nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

Spinal Accessory nerve

XI

Cranial nerve that innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

Vestibulocochlear nerve

VIII

The cranial nerve that helps in balance and hearing.

Trochlear nerve

IV

Cranial nerve that innervates the superior oblique muscle, allowing for downward and lateral movement of the eye.

Frontal lobe

Part of the brain responsible for reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem-solving.

Parietal lobe

Area of the brain responsible for processing tactile information.

Temporal lobe

Involved in processing auditory information and is also important for the encoding of memory.

Occipital lobe

The area of the brain responsible for visual processing.

Broca's area location

Located in the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, responsible for speech production.

Wernicke's area location

Located in the temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension.

Articulation

The physical production of particular speech sounds.

Alveolar Ridge

The bony ridge in the mouth behind upper teeth. Contains teeth sockets and required for articulation.

Filter (speech production)

The modification of sound by the shape and configuration of the vocal tract.

Adenoid

A mass of lymphoid tissue located at the back of the nasal cavity; part of the immune system.

Transverse lingual muscle

Muscle that runs horizontally in the tongue. Narrows and Elongates Tongue.

Zygomatic

Referring to the cheekbone; involved in facial aesthetics.

Tensor veli palatini

A muscle that tenses the soft palate during swallowing.

Genioglossus

The muscle that retracts and protrudes the tongue.

Pharynx

The part of the throat behind the mouth and nasal cavity, leading to the esophagus.

Temporomandibular joint

The joint that connects the jawbone to the skull.

Faucial Pillars

Structures formed by the anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars, marking the boundary of the oral cavity. Forms an arch.

Mandible

The lower jawbone, which holds the lower teeth.

Modiolus

A fibrous structure in the mouth where several muscles come together.

Levator labii superioris

Muscle that elevates the upper lip.

Lingual Frenulum

A strip of tissue under the tongue connecting it to the floor of the mouth.

Orbicularis Oris

The muscle that encircles the mouth, responsible for movements like puckering.

Labial Frenulum

A fold of tissue that secures the upper or lower lip to the gum.

Levator veli palatini

Muscle that elevates the soft palate.

Maxilla

The upper jawbone, holding the upper teeth and forming part of the orbit of the eye.

Platysma

A muscle that covers the neck and lower face, involved in facial expression.

Esophagus

The tube that connects the throat to the stomach.

Velum

The soft part of the roof of the mouth behind the hard palate. Soft Palate

Palatine Tonsils

Lymphoid tissues located at the sides of the throat.

Oral Cavity

The space within the mouth, including all the anatomical structures.

Source in Source-Filter theory

Refers to the vocal folds producing sound that is then shaped by the vocal tract.

Nasopharynx

The upper part of the pharynx connecting it to the nasal cavity.

Oropharynx

The middle section of the pharynx located behind the mouth.

Laryngopharynx

The lower part of the pharynx that opens into the larynx and esophagus.

Scala tympani

The lower chamber of the cochlea.

Ossicular chain

The three small bones of the middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes) that transmit sound.

Organ of Corti

The sensory organ within the cochlea containing hair cells that generate nerve impulses.

Conductive hearing loss

A type of hearing loss caused by damage to the outer or middle ear where sound cannot travel.