Biotech EoP Review, Applications of Biotechnology EOP Quizlet

Micropipette

The tool used to measure liquids in microliters

centrifuge

device to separate substances by their densities by spinning them at high speed

spectrophotometer

An instrument that allows one to quantify DNA based on the amount of light that passes through it

pH meter

a device used to determine the pH of a solution by measuring the voltage between the two electrodes that are placed in the solution

Vertical Gel Electrophoresis

gel is upright-commonly used for separating proteins

Horizontal Gel Electrophoresis

gel lays flat-commonly used for separating DNA fragments

The larger the DNA is...

The lower the percentage of TAE that is put in the gel

Thermocycler

machine that raises and lowers temp of DNA in precise intervals for PCR

Microscope

device that produces magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye

Autoclave

apparatus for sterilizing by steam (high temps) under pressure

Balance

An apparatus for weighing objects, provides an accurate estimate

Water bath

a container of water heated to a given temperature, used for heating substances placed in smaller containers.

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association

Blue NFPA

health hazard

Red NFPA

fire hazard

Yellow NFPA

instability hazard

White NFPA

special hazard

As the numbers increase in the NFPA

the more hazardous the item is

MSDS

Material Safety Data Sheet

Biotechnology

any technological application that uses living organisms, biological systems, or their derivatives to produce or modify other products

What are some Biotechnology Applications

Medical: Vaccines, Therapeutics

Agriculture: Food Processing, Plant Agriculture

Environment: Preventing Environmental Problems

Industrial: Energy Production

Forensics: Paternity Tests, Scientific Investigations

Atomic Mass

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element

Number of protons and neutrons

Expressed in Atomic Mass Units (AMU)

Molecular Weight

the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule

ionic bond

the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms

-Generates 2 opposite charged atoms (ions) that attract one another

-Weak Bond

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

-Strong Bond

Hydrogen Bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Ion

A charged atom

When there are more electrons

Negatively Charged

anion

When there are more protons

Positively Charged

cation

4 macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates monomer

glucose

lipid monomer

fatty acid

protein monomer

amino acids

nucleic acid monomer

nucleotide

Carbohydrates

Broken down to simple sugars for immediate energy

Lipids

Stored Energy

Make up Cell Membrane

Proteins

Structure, storage, defense, transport, and speeding up reactions

nucleic acid

store and transmit genetic information

Hydrophobic

molecule that does not have the ability to bond with water; "water-hating"

Hydrophilic

molecule with the ability to bond with water; "water-loving"

Polar

Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.

Nonpolar

No partial charges. Do not mix with water.

Polar goes with

hydrophilic

Nonpolar goes with

hydrophobic

Nucleus

Control center of the cell that contains DNA

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Cell Wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

Cell Membrane

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

Cell Membrane structure

phopholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

prokaryotic cell

cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryote Reproduction

binary fission

Prokaryote structure

-Lack a membrane-bounded nucleus (DNA in nucleoid region)

-Outer cell wall

-Some move by means of flagella

-Lack membranous organelles

-May have accessory rings of DNA (plasmids)

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

Eukaryote reproduction

sexual (mitosis) or asexual (meiosis)

Eukaryote Structure

HAS: A plasma membrane, cytosol with organelles, ribosomes, a nucleus and internal membranes.

*A lot BIGGER than prokaryotes.

Use of Antibiotics in experiments

see if the experiment worked

How do you label specimen samples

Bacterial strain, antibiotic, date, media

aseptic technique

A procedure performed under sterile conditions.

Methods of Inoculation

-streak plate technique

-loop dilution, or pour plate, technique

-spread plate technique

streak plate method

a method of isolating a culture by spreading microorganisms over the surface of a solid culture medium

spread plate method

a plate count method in which inoculum is spread over the surface of a solid culture medium

Gram positive cell wall

thick peptidoglycan layer

purple (retain the stain; crystal violet)

gram negative cell wall

thin peptidoglycan layer

pink (cannot retain the stain; crystal violet)

Gram staining

A process by which components of bacterial cell walls are bound to Gram's stain. Depending on the amount of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, bacteria stain differently and are classified as Gram-negative or Gram-positive.

Morphology of Bacteria

coccus (round), bacillus (rod), spirillum (spiral)

Arrangement of Bacteria

Diplo-pairs

Strepto- chains

Staphylo- Clusters

Components of nucleotides

phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base

Purines

Bases with a double-ring structure.

Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidines

Bases with a single-ring structure (cytosine, thymine, uracil)

How does DNA relate to gel electrophoresis

The phosphate is negative so it causes DNA to migrate when the gel is run

origin of replication

Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.

leading and lagging strand

When replication begins, the two parent DNA strands are separated. One of these is called the leading strand, and it is replicated continuously in the 3' to 5' direction. The other strand is the lagging strand, and it is replicated discontinuously in short sections.

DNA replication steps

1) Helicase- unwinds the parental double helix

2) DNA topoisomerase - upstream of helices alleviating torsional strain

3) Single-strand binding proteins (SSBP) stabilize unwound DNA, aided by DNA gyrase.

4) Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer for DNA polymerase to bind to in the 5' to 3' direction to start replication on each strand.

5) DNA polymerase synthesizes the leading strand in 5' to 3' direction while the lagging strand is made discontinuously by primase making short pieces and then DNA polymerase extending these to make Okazaki fragments.

6) DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together

primary structure of protein

the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

secondary structure of protein

protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain due to hydrogen bonds

tertiary structure of a protein

protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure

quaternary structure of a protein

protein structure is a protein consisting of more than one folded amino acid chain

Relationship between structure and function of a protein

Change in structure produces a change in the function

size exclusion chromatography

relies on porous beads; larger molecules elute first because they are not trapped in small pores

hydrophobic interaction chromatography

column chromatography that separates molecules based on their hydrophobicity (aversion to water molecules)

SDS-PAGE

denatures the proteins and masks the native charge so that comparison of size is more accurate, but the functional protein cannot be recaptured from the gel

Central Dogma

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

DNA and RNA

transcription

RNA to protein

translation

Transcription

(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Introns

Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences.

Splicing

the process of removing introns and reconnecting exons in a pre-mRNA

Exons

Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.

silent mutation

A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

missense mutation

A base-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

Frame shift mutation

a mutation involving the addition or loss of nucleotides; every codon beyond the gene is effected

nonsense mutation

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

What is an autoclave?

An autoclave is a machine that uses pressurized

steam to kill most microorganisms.

What are the standard conditions for an autoclave?

The

standard conditions for an autoclave is usually

121 C and 15-20 pounds/square inch. A

crock pot can be used as a substitute for an

autoclave.

What percent bleach solution is used to disinfect counter tops?

10% Bleach Solution

What is aseptic techniques?

1.) Aseptic techniques includes using gloves at all

time, a flame to circulate the air, and 70%

alcohol to spray on the counter top. 2.) Flaming

inoculation loops is also needed.

What are Appropriate Laboratory Behaviors?

1.) No horseplay in the laboratory

2.) Maintain aisles clear of objects

3.) No food or beverages in the laboratory

4.) "Read before you proceed".

What are the Danger of Contamination through Food and other Objects?

1.) Beverages can be confused with chemicals, food may have been contaminated by chemicals, and lotion, cosmetics, eye drops, and contact lenses may pose potential health hazards when in the laboratory.