Period 2: $$1607$$-$$1754$$ SAFMED's

Vocabulary flashcards for Period 2 ($$1607$$-$$1754$$) covering the colonization of North America, colonial conflicts, and religious developments.

Jamestown Colony

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in $1607$.

Captain John Smith

An English explorer and leader who saved the Jamestown Colony from collapse by enforcing military discipline and the 'work or die' rule.

Pocahontas

Daughter of the Powhatan chief who historically acted as an intermediary between her people and the Jamestown settlers.

John Rolfe

A Jamestown settler who successfully crossbred tobacco plants to create a marketable crop, which saved Virginia's economy.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first representative legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in $1619$ in Virginia.

Headright System

A land grant policy that gave $ext{50 acres}$ of land to settlers who paid for their own or another's passage to Virginia.

Puritans

English Protestants who wanted to 'purify' the Church of England from Catholic practices; they settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Separatists

Radical Puritans, also known as Pilgrims, who sought to break away completely from the Church of England and established the Plymouth Colony.

Mayflower Compact

A $1620$ agreement signed by the Pilgrims to establish a basic legal system for their new colony based on majority rule.

Halfway Covenant

A $1662$ policy within the Puritan church that allowed partial membership for the children and grandchildren of converts to increase church participation.

William Bradford

The longtime governor of the Plymouth Colony who recorded the history of the settlement in 'Of Plymouth Plantation'.

John Winthrop

The governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who articulated the vision for the settlement as a 'City upon a Hill'.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A colony established in $1630$ by Puritans seeking religious freedom while remaining within the Church of England.

Anne Hutchinson

A dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who was banished for challenging the religious and social norms of the Puritan authorities.

Roger Williams

The founder of Rhode Island who was banished from Massachusetts for advocating the separation of church and state.

Salem Witchcraft Trials

A series of hearings and executions in $1692$ launched by accusations of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts.

Great English Migration

The mass movement of approximately $ext{70,000}$ English refugees to North America and the Caribbean between $1630$ and $1642$.

Fundamental orders of Connecticut

Drafted in $1639$, this was the first written constitution in American history, establishing a democratic government.

Pequot War

A $1637$ conflict in which English settlers and their Narragansett allies nearly annihilated the Pequot tribe in Connecticut.

King Philip’s War

A devastating conflict between New England colonists and a coalition of Native American tribes led by Metacom ($1675$-$1676$).

New England Confederation

A defense-oriented military alliance formed in $1643$ consisting of four New England colonies to protect against various threats.

Dominion of New England

An administrative union of English colonies in the New England region created by King James II in $1686$ to enforce royal control.

Mercantilism

The economic theory that colonies exist to enrich the mother country by providing raw materials and a market for finished goods.

Navigation laws

Direct implementations of mercantilism—a series of parliamentary acts passed to regulate and restrict colonial trade to benefit England.

Glorious (Bloodless Revolution)

The $1688$ overthrow of King James II, which led to the dismantling of the Dominion of New England and a return to original colonial charters.

Salutary Neglect

The unofficial British policy of leniency in enforcing trade laws in the American colonies as long as they remained loyal and profitable.

Lord Baltimore

The proprietor of the Maryland colony, which was founded as a refuge for English Catholics.

Maryland Toleration Act

A $1649$ law that guaranteed religious freedom to all Trinitarian Christians within the Maryland colony.

James Oglethorpe

The founder and first governor of the Georgia colony, intended as a buffer against Spanish Florida and a haven for debtors.

Quakers

Members of the Society of Friends, a religious group emphasizing pacifism, equality, and the 'Inner Light' within every person.

William Penn

The Quaker founder of Pennsylvania, who envisioned it as a 'Holy Experiment' of religious tolerance and civil liberties.

Duke of York

The brother of King Charles II who took control of the former Dutch colony of New Netherland and renamed it New York.

Pueblo Revolt

A $1680$ uprising of Indigenous Pueblo people against Spanish rule in present-day New Mexico, successfully expelling them for twelve years.

Bacon’s Rebellion

A $1676$ uprising by Virginia frontiersmen, led by Nathaniel Bacon, protesting the government's lack of protection against Native American attacks.

Middle Passage

The maritime route used by slave ships to transport abducted Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.

Stono Rebellion

The largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies, which took place in South Carolina in $1739$.

First Great Awakening

A major religious revival occurring in the American colonies during the $1730s$ and $1740s$, characterized by intense emotional preaching.

The Enlightenment

An $18th$-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individualism over tradition and religious authority.

Jonathan Edwards

A key theologian of the First Great Awakening known for his powerful sermons, including 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God'.

George Whitefield

An English evangelist whose charismatic, open-air preaching became a central feature of the First Great Awakening.