ABO TYPING High Yield Flashcards

Question: What is detected in Forward (Direct) Typing?
A) ABO Antibodies in patient plasma
B) ABO Antigens on patient RBCs
C) Known red cell reactions
D) Complement activation products

*Answer: B) ABO Antigens on patient RBCs

Question: What sample is used in Forward Typing?
A) Patient plasma
B) Known red cells
C) Patient RBCs
D) Patient serum

*Answer: C) Patient RBCs

Question: What reagent is used in Forward Typing?
A) Known red cells
B) Normal saline solution
C) Patient plasma
D) Anti-sera

*Answer: D) Anti-sera

Question: What is detected in Reverse (Indirect) Typing?
A) ABO Antigens on RBCs
B) Rh factor
C) ABO Antibodies in patient plasma
D) Complement proteins

*Answer: C) ABO Antibodies in patient plasma

Question: What sample is used in Reverse Typing?
A) Patient RBCs
B) Anti-sera
C) Normal saline solution
D) Patient plasma or serum

*Answer: D) Patient plasma or serum

Question: What reagent is used in Reverse Typing?
A) Anti-sera
B) Known red cells
C) EDTA solution
D) Normal saline

*Answer: B) Known red cells

Question: According to Landsteiner's Law, what antibodies does a Type A individual naturally possess?
A) Anti-A only
B) Anti-B only
C) Anti-A and Anti-B
D) No antibodies

*Answer: B) Anti-B only

Question: What antigens and antibodies does a Type O individual have?
A) A and B antigens; no antibodies
B) No antigens; Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
C) No antigens; no antibodies
D) AB antigens; Anti-AB antibodies

*Answer: B) No antigens; Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

Question: What antigens and antibodies does a Type AB individual have?
A) No antigens; Anti-A and Anti-B
B) A antigen only; Anti-B
C) A and B antigens; no antibodies
D) No antigens; no antibodies

*Answer: C) A and B antigens; no antibodies

Question: In the grading scale of hemagglutination, what does a 4+ reaction look like?
A) Many medium-sized agglutinates; clear background
B) Several large agglutinates; clear background
C) One solid red cell button; clear background
D) Medium and small-sized agglutinates; turbid background

*Answer: C) One solid red cell button; clear background

Question: What does a 3+ agglutination reaction appear as?
A) One solid agglutinate
B) Many medium-sized agglutinates; clear background
C) Several large agglutinates; clear background
D) Small agglutinates; turbid background

*Answer: C) Several large agglutinates; clear background

Question: What does a 2+ agglutination reaction appear as?
A) One solid agglutinate
B) Many medium-sized agglutinates; clear background
C) Several large agglutinates
D) Small agglutinates; very turbid background

*Answer: B) Many medium-sized agglutinates; clear background

Question: What does a 1+ agglutination reaction appear as?
A) One solid button
B) Several large agglutinates; clear background
C) No agglutination; all cells free
D) Medium and small agglutinates; turbid background with many free red cells

*Answer: D) Medium and small agglutinates; turbid background with many free red cells

Question: What does a 0 (negative) agglutination reaction indicate?
A) Partial hemolysis
B) No agglutinated red cells visible; red cells flow off the button during grading
C) Rouleaux formation
D) Complement activation

*Answer: B) No agglutinated red cells visible; red cells flow off the button during grading

Question: What is hemolysis considered in blood banking?
A) An invalid result
B) A negative reaction
C) A positive reaction
D) A false positive due to high protein

*Answer: C) A positive reaction

Question: What does hemolysis indicate about the antibody involved?
A) A weak antibody with no complement activation
B) A very strong antibody activating complement
C) A false positive due to rouleaux
D) A non-specific reaction requiring saline washing

*Answer: B) A very strong antibody activating complement

Question: What is Mixed Field (MF) agglutination?
A) Stacked coin appearance under the microscope
B) A solid clump with no free cells
C) A solid clump of agglutinated cells floating among free red cells
D) Complete hemolysis of all red cells

*Answer: C) A solid clump of agglutinated cells floating among free red cells

Question: When is Mixed Field agglutination commonly seen?
A) In patients with high serum protein levels
B) In patients who recently received a blood transfusion of a different blood type
C) In patients with complement deficiency
D) In newborns with ABO incompatibility

*Answer: B) In patients who recently received a blood transfusion of a different blood type

Question: What is Rouleaux formation?
A) True agglutination due to antigen-antibody reaction
B) Hemolysis caused by complement
C) A false positive caused by high protein levels appearing as stacked coins
D) A mixed field reaction in transfused patients

*Answer: C) A false positive caused by high protein levels appearing as stacked coins

Question: How can Rouleaux formation be dispersed?
A) By adding EDTA
B) By centrifugation
C) By adding saline
D) By heating the sample

*Answer: C) By adding saline

Question: In Example A of forward typing, both Anti-A and Anti-B show no agglutination. What blood type is indicated?
A) Type A
B) Type B
C) Type AB
D) Type O

*Answer: D) Type O

Question: For a confirmed Type O patient, what would you expect in reverse typing?
A) No agglutination with Known A or Known B
B) Agglutination with Known A only
C) Agglutination with both Known A and Known B
D) Agglutination with Known B only

*Answer: C) Agglutination with both Known A and Known B

Question: In forward typing, agglutination is seen only with Anti-A. What blood type does this indicate?
A) Type O
B) Type B
C) Type AB
D) Type A

*Answer: D) Type A

Question: In reverse typing for a Type A patient, what is the expected result?
A) Known A negative; Known B negative
B) Known A negative; Known B positive
C) Known A positive; Known B positive
D) Known A positive; Known B negative

*Answer: B) Known A negative; Known B positive

Question: In forward typing, agglutination is seen only with Anti-B. What blood type does this indicate?
A) Type O
B) Type A
C) Type AB
D) Type B

*Answer: D) Type B

Question: For a confirmed Type B patient, what would reverse typing show?
A) KA positive; KB negative
B) KA negative; KB negative
C) KA negative; KB positive
D) KA positive; KB positive

*Answer: A) KA positive; KB negative

Question: In forward typing, both Anti-A and Anti-B show agglutination. What blood type does this indicate?
A) Type O
B) Type A
C) Type B
D) Type AB

*Answer: D) Type AB

Question: In reverse typing for a Type AB patient, what is the expected result?
A) KA positive; KB positive
B) KA positive; KB negative
C) KA negative; KB positive
D) KA negative; KB negative

*Answer: D) KA negative; KB negative

Question: Which antisera is used to determine Rh typing?
A) Anti-A
B) Anti-B
C) Anti-D
D) Anti-H

*Answer: C) Anti-D

Question: How many tubes are prepared for ABO/Rh tube typing?
A) 5
B) 6
C) 8
D) 10

*Answer: C) 8

Question: Which tube number is used for the Washed Red Cells (WRC) preparation?
A) Tube 1
B) Tube 2
C) Tube 3
D) Tube 4

*Answer: A) Tube 1

Question: Which tube is labeled for plasma in ABO/Rh tube typing preparation?
A) Tube 1
B) Tube 2
C) Tube 3
D) Tube 4

*Answer: B) Tube 2

Question: Which tube is used for 3% Red Cell Suspension (RCS) preparation?
A) Tube 2
B) Tube 3
C) Tube 4
D) Tube 5

*Answer: B) Tube 3

Question: Which tubes are used for Forward Typing Proper?
A) Tubes 1, 2, 3
B) Tubes 3, 4, 5
C) Tubes 4, 5, 6
D) Tubes 6, 7, 8

*Answer: C) Tubes 4, 5, 6

Question: Which tubes are used for Reverse Typing Proper?
A) Tubes 1 and 2
B) Tubes 3 and 4
C) Tubes 5 and 6
D) Tubes 7 and 8

*Answer: D) Tubes 7 and 8

Question: What type of blood collection tube is used for ABO typing?
A) Red cap (plain tube)
B) Blue cap (citrate tube)
C) Lavender cap (EDTA tube)
D) Green cap (heparin tube)

*Answer: C) Lavender cap (EDTA tube)

Question: What concentration of Red Cell Suspension is used for ABO typing?
A) 1% RCS
B) 2% RCS
C) 3% RCS
D) 5% RCS

*Answer: C) 3% RCS

Question: How much pRBC is used to prepare a 4 mL 3% Red Cell Suspension?
A) 0.240 mL
B) 0.180 mL
C) 0.120 mL
D) 0.060 mL

*Answer: C) 0.120 mL

Question: How much Normal Saline Solution (NSS) is used to prepare a 4 mL 3% RCS?
A) 3.50 mL
B) 3.76 mL
C) 3.88 mL
D) 4.00 mL

*Answer: C) 3.88 mL

Question: How many times should the pRBC be washed until clear supernatant?
A) 1-2 times
B) 3-5 times
C) 5-7 times
D) 7-10 times

*Answer: B) 3-5 times

Question: How long is centrifugation limited to per washing of pRBC?
A) 1 minute
B) 3 minutes
C) 5 minutes
D) 10 minutes

*Answer: B) 3 minutes

Question: In the Slide Method (Forward), what is placed on the slide FIRST?
A) 3% Red Cell Suspension
B) Normal saline
C) Anti-serum
D) Patient plasma

*Answer: C) Anti-serum

Question: In the Slide Method (Forward), how is agglutination reported?
A) Using the 0 to 4+ grading scale
B) As positive or negative only
C) As weak, moderate, or strong
D) Using the W+ to 4+ scale

*Answer: B) As positive or negative only

Question: In the Slide Method (Reverse), what sample is used instead of RCS?
A) Anti-sera
B) Normal saline
C) Serum or plasma
D) Washed red cells

*Answer: C) Serum or plasma

Question: In the Slide Method (Reverse), what labels are used for the slide segments?
A) A, B, D
B) Anti-A, Anti-B
C) KA and KB
D) 1, 2, 3

*Answer: C) KA and KB

Question: In the Tube Method (Forward), how many drops of anti-sera are placed in each tube?
A) 2 drops
B) 3 drops
C) 1 drop
D) 4 drops

*Answer: C) 1 drop

Question: In the Tube Method (Forward), how long is centrifugation performed?
A) 10 seconds
B) 20 seconds
C) 30 seconds
D) 60 seconds

*Answer: B) 20 seconds

Question: In the Tube Method (Reverse), what is delivered first into tubes KA and KB?
A) Known cells
B) Anti-sera
C) NSS
D) Plasma or serum

*Answer: D) Plasma or serum

Question: What is the correct mnemonic order for Forward Typing (Tube Method)?
A) Sample first, then reagent
B) Reagent (anti-sera) first, then sample (3% RCS)
C) Known cells first, then plasma
D) Plasma first, then known cells

*Answer: B) Reagent (anti-sera) first, then sample (3% RCS)

Question: What is the correct mnemonic order for Reverse Typing (Tube Method)?
A) Reagent first, then sample
B) Anti-sera first, then RCS
C) Sample (plasma/serum) first, then reagent (known cells)
D) Known cells first, then anti-sera

*Answer: C) Sample (plasma/serum) first, then reagent (known cells)

Question: What does Rouleaux appear like under the microscope?
A) Scattered free red cells
B) A solid button
C) Stacked coins
D) Spider-web pattern

*Answer: C) Stacked coins

Question: What does it mean when forward typing shows B positive and reverse typing shows KA positive and KB negative?
A) Type A
B) Type O
C) Type AB
D) Type B

*Answer: D) Type B

Question: A patient has Anti-D positive in forward typing with no agglutination in Anti-A and Anti-B, and agglutination in both KA and KB in reverse typing. What is the blood type?
A) A Positive
B) B Negative
C) O Positive
D) AB Positive

*Answer: C) O Positive

Question: In Example H from the lecture, what were the grading results for a Type A Positive patient?
A) Tube A: 4+, Tube B: 0, Tube D: 3+, KA: 0, KB: 3+
B) Tube A: 3+, Tube B: 0, Tube D: 4+, KA: 0, KB: 4+
C) Tube A: 2+, Tube B: 1+, Tube D: 4+, KA: 0, KB: 2+
D) Tube A: 4+, Tube B: 4+, Tube D: 4+, KA: 0, KB: 0

*Answer: B) Tube A: 3+, Tube B: 0, Tube D: 4+, KA: 0, KB: 4+

Question: Which of the following statements about forward and reverse typing is TRUE?
A) Forward and reverse typing results do not need to match
B) If forward typing is A, reverse typing should also confirm A for a valid result
C) Reverse typing detects antigens using anti-sera
D) Forward typing uses patient plasma as the sample

*Answer: B) If forward typing is A, reverse typing should also confirm A for a valid result

Question: Why is consistency considered very important in blood banking?
A) To ensure reagents are not expired
B) To allow grading of mixed field reactions
C) To ensure accurate and reproducible results in antigen and antibody detection
D) To prevent rouleaux formation

*Answer: C) To ensure accurate and reproducible results in antigen and antibody detection

Question: In the Slide Method (Forward), where is the RCS placed relative to the anti-sera?
A) On top of the anti-sera
B) Mixed directly into the anti-sera before placement
C) Adjacent to or from the side of the anti-sera
D) On the opposite end of the slide

*Answer: C) Adjacent to or from the side of the anti-sera