Bio 1500 Mizzou Test 4
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45 Terms
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The sequence of amino acids
What stabilizes secondary protein structure?
Hydrogen bonds
What determines tertiary structure?
R-group interactions
Why can a mutation change protein function?
It alters amino acid sequence and folding
What is hemoglobin?
A protein that transports oxygen in blood
Why must hemoglobin have variable affinity?
To bind O2 in lungs and release in tissues
What does a right shift in the Hb curve mean?
Decreased affinity for O2
What does a left shift in the Hb curve mean?
Increased affinity for O2
What causes a right shift in Hb?
Low pH, high CO2, high temp, high 2,3-BPG
Why is the Hb curve sigmoidal?
Cooperative binding
What is cooperative binding?
Binding of one O2 increases affinity for others
Why is O2 released in tissues?
Low PO2 and right-shift conditions
Why is Hb less effective at high altitude?
Low PO2 reduces O2 loading
How do birds differ from mammals in respiration?
Unidirectional airflow
What is the function of air sacs in birds?
Move air, not gas exchange
Why is unidirectional flow efficient?
Constant fresh oxygen supply
What are base pairing rules?
A-T, C-G
What happens in transcription?
DNA → mRNA
What happens in translation?
mRNA → protein
What is a codon?
3-base sequence on mRNA
What is an anticodon?
tRNA sequence complementary to codon
What is the start codon?
AUG
What is the central dogma?
DNA → RNA → Protein
Why are binding rules important?
Ensure correct protein production
What is a point mutation?
Single base change
What is a frameshift mutation?
Insertion/deletion shifting reading frame
What is a chromosomal mutation?
Large-scale DNA change
Are mutations random?
Yes
What are possible mutation effects?
Neutral, harmful, beneficial
Why are many mutations neutral?
Redundancy in genetic code
What does gene expression mean?
Gene is turned on/off
What do activators do?
Increase gene expression
What do repressors do?
Decrease gene expression
What is a promoter?
DNA region where transcription starts
What is RNA polymerase?
Enzyme that makes RNA
Why do different cells have different functions?
Different gene expression
What is a gene family?
Genes with common ancestry
Example of gene family?
Globin genes
What is natural selection?
Differential reproduction of individuals
What drives evolution?
Changes in allele frequencies
Why did bar-headed geese evolve special Hb?
Selection in low O2 environment
Why is high-affinity Hb bad at low altitude?
Does not release O2 easily
Why do rural areas have higher death rates?
Less access to healthcare
What is wrong with kidney correction factors?
They can delay treatment in Black patients
What is colorblind medicine?
Ignoring racial disparities in healthcare