Cross-Cultural Psychology FINAL EXAM

culture

a unique meaning & information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness & well-being, & derive meaning from life

subculture

way of life within particular culture; group based on race/ethnicity, gender, disability, religion or sexual orientation

quasi-experiment

pre-existing groups and look at differences

qualitative

field research in a natural setting

dependent on interpretation by researcher

data collection can be unstructured

non-experimental

quantitative

experimental

focus on assessment measure

dependent variable is behavioral measure

etic

psychological processes universal across cultures (emotions)

studies behavior from a position outside

compares many cultures

structure created by analyst

criteria considered absolute or universal

emic

psychological processes that differ across cultures (individualistic/collectivist)

studies behavior from within a system

examines only one culture

structure discovered by analyst

criteria relative to internal characteristics

equivalence

level of comparability of scores across cultures; measure same phenomena in same way on sample people as much as possible

ethnocentrism

using one's own culture as the standard for all cultures

individualist

yourself and immediate family

prioritize one's own personal goals

emphasize one's uniqueness

collectivist

all family (immediate and extended)

follow group norms

working to stay part of a harmonious group

prioritize group goals

power distance

expectations of how social power should be distributed; how much people perceive status as good or bad

high = acceptance of inequality, wide salary range, violence common

uncertainty avoidance

tolerance for uncertainty; levels of risk-aversion

high = strict rules, belief in truth

low = tolerance for ambiguity

long term orientation

culture encourages planning toward future rewards, respect for tradition, no leisure time, save money

short term orientation

preservation of 'face'/avoid embarrassment, fulfill social obligations (look at past and present), quick results, leisure important, spend money

indulgence

happy, feel control of their lives, lenient social norms

restraint

relationship-oriented, outside forces regulate behavior, strict social norms

masculinity

emphasize ambition, self-oriented, acquisition of wealth, strict gender roles

femininity

emphasize caring and nurturing, sexual equality and fluid gender roles

construct bias

constructs aren't equivalent across cultures

method bias

general category for sampling, structural or administration bias

response bias

systematic tendency to respond in certain ways to survey questions

social desirability bias

systematic tendency to give answers that make you look good

acquiescence bias

tendency to agree

sampling bias

difficult to gather similar samples across cultures

instrument bias

problems deriving from instrument characteristics like stimulus familiarity and response styles

administration bias

researchers influence data collection through instruction, interaction or communication issues

item bias

different psychological meaning across cultures

preclude comparison

no cross-cultural comparisons

reduce nonequivalence

only use equivalent data

interpret non-equivalence

try to understand why data was non-equivalent

ignore non-equivalence

risky

linguistic equivalence

use back translation or collective transition

measurement equivalence

do surveys or questions measure what you think they're measuring in the same way in different cultures

identity

combination of roles and group categories to which a person belongs, along with the set of personal meanings and experiences related to the roles and categories

cultural identity

degree to which a person considers himself a part of a particular culture

identity denial

an individual is not recognized as a member of a group with which he identifies

acculturation

process by which people adopt a different cultural system

schema

stored framework or body of knowledge about some topic

script

knowledge structures that guide our interpretation and comprehension of daily experience

acculturation varies by type of group

indigenous people, ethno-cultural groups, immigrants, sojourners, refugees and asylum seekers

acculturation framework

immigrants' adoption of mainstream culture and maintenance of their heritage culture

integration

maintain identity and value relationships with others

assimilation

value relationships with others and abandon old identity

separation

maintain identity, but not value relationships with others

marginalisation

do not value identity, or relationships with others

culture switching

possible for an individual to know and understand two different cultures and person can alter behavior to fit different social contexts

intelligence

acting in environment

good sense, act purposefully, rationally, adaptive, set of skills

influences on intelligence

genetics, culture, environment, formal education, SES

fluid intelligence

basic abilities in reasoning and related to higher mental processes; raw ability

crystallized ability

ability to learn from education and experiences based on knowledge

tacit knowledge

don't have awareness of knowledge

example of tacit knowledge

how to ride a bike

as we age

fluid intelligence decreases and crystallized intelligence increases

main 6 emotions

anger, disgust, joy, sadness, fear and surprise

purpose of emotions

adaptive, informs us of relationship to stimulus

Russell's circumplex model of affect

pleasure (0 degrees)

arousal (90 degrees)

displeasure (180 degrees)

sleepiness (270 degrees)

studies showing emotion is universal

literate participants view photos and identify expression

non-literate participants selected story that matches emotion of photo

Americans labeled emotions of photos of New Guinea people

American and Japanese showed video, both showed same expressions at same time in film

general model of emotion elicitation

stimulus-->arousal and appraisal-->emotion

emotion = expressive behavior, subjective experience, physiological reactions, cognitions and motor behavior

universality in expressive behavior

newborns smile, cry and show distaste

by age 2, show anger and sadness

by preschool express basic emotions

cultural differences in expressive behavior

facial expressions of emotion are under dual influence of universal, biologically innate factors and culturally specific, learned display rules

deamplification

express less than actually felt

amplification

express more than actually felt

simulation

show an emotion when they don't really feel it

suppression

feeling an emotion but not showing how you feel

look at packet for

in-group and out-group compared to individualistic or collectivist culture

culture differences when alone or with experimenter

when alone Americans and Japanese show disgust, when with an experimenter Americans still show disgust but Japanese smile

decoding rules

rules on how emotional expressions are recognized

in-group advantage

ability to recognize emotions of others of same culture better than those from different culture

cultural differences in emotion stimulus: sadness

US: death, physical separation

Japanese: relationship problems

cultural differences in emotion stimulus: anger

US: relationships

Japanese: strangers

cultural differences in emotion stimulus: disgust

Indians are harder to sooth, more extreme response

mating system

describes how sexual behavior of a group is structured

monogamy

man with wife

polygyny

one man for multiple wives

polyandry

one woman for multiple husbands

romantic love

strong affection and preoccupation with love, unrealistic and idealistic attitude toward a partner; passion; emotion and desire

passionate love

honeymoon phase; thought to be universal

people in passionate love

suppression in regions responsible for critical thought, increased activity associated with euphoria and reward

high levels of individualism can _____ impact relationships and love

negatively

collectivist love

practical and altruistic

personality

an individuals distinct pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives and behavior

neuroticism

emotional instability, anxiety and hostility

extraversion

positive emotion, sociability, outgoingness, seek stimulating social environment

openness to experience

curiosity, imagination

agreeableness

compassion, sensitivity, warmth, altruism, trust

conscientiousness

persistent, goal-directed, dependency, self-discipline, dutifulness

3 universal traits

extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness

big 5 cross-culturally

universal

geographically close cultures are similar

importance of big 5

biological basis, evolutionary, perspective, social role theory

social role theory

traits are a function of roles people play in society, adaptive to ever-changing social environments

ideocentrism

individualistic

internal control

individual choice

desire control

unique motive

importance of individual goals

allocentrism

collectivist

relational

obligation

reciprocity

actions reflect motives of group

loyalty

importance of group goals

Chinese personality

focused on interpersonal relatedness

Japanese

indulgent dependency and interpersonal relationships

Indian

jiva; bliss, intellect, sensory function, breath of life, body

personality cross-culturally

focuses on traits; discrete, separate from culture, dependent variable

sex

biological differences between men and women

gender

social categories of man and woman, differentiated by psychological characteristics or role expectations

sex roles

activities of men and women necessary to make babies