HPRS 2300 Pharmacology Exam 1

Agonist Drug

a drug that binds to a specific receptor site and produces a therapeutic effect.

Antagonist Drug

a drug that competes with the agonist or neurotransmitter for the receptor site causing the agonist unable to produce a desired effect. Another name is a blocker.

Physical Dependence

when a person is on a drug for a long period of time and then is without, the person starts to feel physical symptoms such as tremors, abdominal cramps, sweat and convulsions.

Psychological Dependence

when a person has become addicted to a particular drug and they are left without, the person starts to feel psychological symptom, such as anxiety, tension, and stress.

Tolerance

when a person has to take more of the same drug to feel the same effect they had at the initiation of the drug therapy

Factors that can influence pharmacokinetics

blood flow, food, organ function.

Insulin Syringe

lo-dose syringes are 30 and or 50 units

Tuberculin syringe

1 mL syringe

Enteral Routes

oral administration, nasogastric administration, rectal administration. Having to deal with the intestines or GI tract.

Parenteral Routes

Intradermal: slow absorption due to decreased blood supply

Subcutaneous: medication is slowly, but completely absorbed, slow onset of action, but long duration.

Intramuscular: Rapid and complete absorption.

Intravenous: fastest way of getting into out system. Increase onset of action.

Percutaneous

areas associated with mucous membranes. Sublingual, Buccal, eye, ears, nose, inhaled into lungs, vaginal.

Major ways to obtain a prescription drug

electronic, written, call

Different Parts to a prescription

patient name, instructions, date prescribed, refills, Dr signature.

Schedule I

High potential for abuse,no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Narcotics.

Heroin

LSD

Marijuana

Schedule 2 Drugs

High potential for abuse,currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, or currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions. Amphetamines.

Meperidine, Pentobarbital,Percodan, Mepergan Fortis, Ritalin, Morphine.

Schedule III drugs

Potential for abuse less than the drugs or other substances in schedules I and II. Currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

Fiorinal, Tylenol with codine, emprin with codine, vicodin, marinol.

Schedule IV drugs

Low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule III. Currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United State.

Dalmane, Librium, Valium, Xanax.

Schedule 5 drugs

Low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV. Currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

Lomotil, Robitussin AC

New Drug Development

Goes to FDA, Investigational New Drug Application is submitted with chemical name and generic name.

Phase I

Small # of healthy volunteers. Determine optimal dosage range, pharmacokinetics, several test, blood samples.

Phase II

Small # of volunteers that have the disease/condition. Determine drug's effects and side effects.

Phase III

Large # of patients at medical research centers Determine infrequent and rare side effects, looks for risk of drug, dosage range, safety, effectiveness.

Phase IV

(optional) used to compare new drug with already existing medications in that class.

Drug nomenclature process

Each drug has its own chemical structure, which gives the drug its chemical and biological properties. Pharmaceutically and Therapeutically equivalent.

Syrups

high in sugar, sticky

Capsules

time-released (sustained released)

Lozenges

kept in mouth to disolve

Cream

a semi-solid mixture that contains medication in a WATER soluble base.

Patches

this is placed on the skin, a semi-permeable membrane is present between the patch and the skin that contains medication that is released over a 24 hr period. the dosage released depends on the concentration of the patch.

Ointment

a semi-solid preparation of medication in an oily base, the base being petrolatum. The ointment is oily in texture, but makes for good, long skin contact that is not easily removed.

Powder

medication in talc form or in a talc base that is used for drying, cooling, or protecting the skin

Astringents

alcohol based medication for cooling or drying the skin

Shampoos

medication for the scalp/hair in an aqueous or alcohol base

Pharmacodynamics

this is the study of the mechanism of action of a drug. They study how drugs work in the body.

Pharmacy

this is the act of preparing and dispensing medication by a pharmacist and their staff

Routes that Bypass the First Pass effect

sublingual, buccal, intravenous, subcutaneous, vaginally, topical, inhalation, intraocular, transdermal, intramuscular.

Bioavailability

the percent of drug that makes it into blood stream.

Half-life

amount of time it takes to eliminate half drug from body. t 1/2 X 4.5

Incompatibility

can not mix drugs together in syringe

Teratorgenic

relating to, or causing malformations of an embryo or fetus.

1 gtt

1 mx

1 cc

1 mL or 15 mx

5 mL

1 t or 1 dr

15 mL

1 T

30 mL

1 oz

240 mL

1 c or 8 oz

500 mL

0.5 L or 1 pt

1000 mL

1 L

1 kg

2.2 lb

1 in

2.54 cm

1 g

15 gr

1 gr

60 mg

1 mg

1000 mcg

1 eq

1000 mEq

ss

1/2 or .5

aa

of each

ac

before meals

ad lib

as desired

bid

twice per day

c/o

complains of

cpd

compound

DC

discontinue

dr

Dram

et

and

hs

hour of sleep or bedtime

OS

left eye

OD

right eye

OU

both eyes

noc

night

NPO

nothing by mouth

pc

after meals

per

by or through

PO

by mouth

prn

as necessary

qd

every day

qh

every hour

qid

4 times per day

qod

every other day

qs

quantity sufficient

stat

at once

tid

3 times a day

tx

treatment

AS

left ear

AD

right ear

AU

both ears

Usual dose

dose that is generally appropriate for the patient

minimum dose

smallest amount of drug that will produce a therapeutic effect

Maintenance dose

does required to keep blood level at steady therapeutic state.

Initial Dose

any first dose of drug

Lethal Dose

dose that causes death

Toxic Dose

dose that will produce harmful effects

syringe types

standard 3mL but can be 5,6,10,or 12.

Competitive antagonism

when both agonist and antagonist drugs bind to the same receptor and compete with each other for the same receptor site

Uncompetitive antagonism

when antagonist drug interferes with the agonist drug action but not by binding to the same receptorT

Teratogenic

drug that causes birth defects