Human Development Study Guide

These flashcards cover key concepts and terms related to human development as outlined in the study guide for the final exam.

Human Development

The study of how people change and grow from conception to death.

Themes in Development

Key themes include nature and nurture, stability and change, and similarities and differences across individuals.

Freud's Psychosexual Theory

A theory proposing that personality develops through a series of childhood stages, with three main components: id, ego, and superego.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process through which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated or controlled in a scientific experiment to test its effects on the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured in an experiment to assess the effects of the independent variable.

Correlation

A statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two variables fluctuate together.

Dominant-Recessive Heredity

A pattern of inheritance where one allele masks the effect of another allele at the same locus.

X-linked Traits

Traits associated with genes found on the X chromosome, often affecting males more severely due to having one X.

Pregnancy Duration

Typically lasts about 38 weeks from conception to birth.

C-Section

A surgical procedure used to deliver a baby through incisions in the abdomen and uterus, often used when vaginal delivery poses risks.

APGAR Test

A quick assessment of newborns' health, scoring Appearance, Pulse, Grimace response, Activity, and Respiration.

Neurons

The basic building blocks of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information throughout the body.

Infant-Directed Speech

A type of speech used by adults when talking to infants, characterized by exaggerated intonation and slower tempo.

Basic Emotions

Universal emotional responses such as joy, anger, sadness, and fear, present from early infancy.

Secure Attachment

A healthy emotional bond where a child feels safe and supported, often assessed through the Strange Situation experiment.

Scaffolding

A teaching method that involves providing successive levels of temporary support to help a learner achieve higher levels of understanding and skill acquisition.

Childhood Amnesia

The inability to remember events from early childhood, typically before the age of 3.

Executive Function

The mental processes that enable planning, flexible thinking, and self-control, including inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility.

ADHD Symptoms

Primary symptoms include inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and difficulties with organization.

Social Skills in Autism

Individuals with autism often exhibit weak social skills, repetitive behaviors, and heightened sensitivity to sensory input.

Self-recognition

The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror, beginning to develop around 18 months of age.

Emotion Regulation

The ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences in an adaptive way.

Bullying Types

Different forms of bullying include physical, verbal, relational, and cyberbullying.

Parenting Styles

Four major styles of parenting: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved.

Puberty Changes

Physical changes during puberty include the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Menarche

The first occurrence of menstruation, marking a significant developmental milestone in females.

Identity Development

The ongoing process of developing a sense of self, including commitment and exploration in identity statuses.

IQ Score

A quantitative measure of intelligence calculated through standardized tests, indicating cognitive abilities.

Eating Disorders

Abnormal eating habits that can affect health, including anorexia, bulimia, and obesity.

Four Identity Statuses

Achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion represent different approaches to exploring and committing to personal identity.

Conflict Resolution Styles

Different styles include validating, hostile-engaged, and hostile-detached, affecting relationship dynamics.

Divorce Frequency

Divorce rates indicate how common it is for couples to end their marriage and typical reasons for divorce.

Menopause

A natural biological process marking the end of a woman's reproductive years, typically occurring around middle age.

Life Expectancy

The average expected lifespan of individuals in a population, often influenced by various social and health factors.

Stages of Grief

The phases individuals often go through after loss include denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.