Practicum III - Lab Packet Part 1

What characteristic is responsible for the branching off of sponges from the other animals?

sponges made up of loose aggregate cells and have no true tissues

What cellular level of organization do Porifera - sponges demonstrate?

cellular

What does the word "Porifera" mean?

pore-bearers b/c a sponge is basically a sac that is full of holes

What characteristics are used to divide Porifera into classes?

canal systems and type of skeletal structures they possess

When did Porifera show up in the fossil record? What time does the molecular clock information suggest?

Cambrian Period; molecular clock suggests PreCambrian

Where are Porifera distributed? Where do they live?

Worldwide in ocean habitats; polar regions to the tropics

What is the name of the central cavity of Porifera?

spongocoel

What is the name of the large opening at the top of the sponge?

osculum

What are the three body types found in sponges and where are the flagellated cells in each type?

1. Asconoid (flagellated spongocoel)

2. Syconoid (flagellated canals)

3. Leuconoid (flagellated chambers)

What are the names of the skeletal structures seen in sponges? What are they made of?

- Spicules (made of calilcium carbonate or silica

- Spongin (made up of protein)

What shape do Calcarea demonstrate?

vary; radially symmetrical, vase-shaped bodies to colonies made up of a meshwork of thin tubes, or irregular massive forms

What body types do Calcarea demonstrate?

Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid

What skeletal type do Calcarea have?

Calcium Carbonate Spicules

Where are Calcarea found? What type of habitat?

strictly marine and worldwide; shallow tropical waters

What are Hexactinellidae often referred to as?

Glass Sponges

What body types do Hexactinellidae demonstrate?

Syconoid & Leuconoid

What skeletal type do Hexactinellidae have?

six-sided silica spicules

Where are Hexactinellidae found? Where are they particularly common? What type of habitat are they found in?

all oceans of the world; Antarctic and Northern Pacific waters; depths from 450 to 900 meters

What percent of phylum Porifera is made up from Demospongiae?

81%

Which part of Demospongiae is most economically important to humans?

bath sponges

What body type do Demospongiae demonstrate?

Leuconoid

What skeletal type do Demospongiae have?

silica spicules and/or spongin

Where are Demospongiae found? What habitat type?

Worldwide; most marine dwellers but one order live in freshwater

What characteristic is responsible for the branching off of Cnidarians from the other animals?

radial symmetry

What level of organization do Cnidaria demonstrate?

tissue level

How many tissue layers do Cnidaria have?

diploblastic

What is the name of the nonceullar tissue layer?

mesoglea

What two body forms do Cnidaria demonstrate?

polyp and medusa

What is the name of the central cavity in Cnidaria?

gastrovascular cavity

What is the name of the stinging capsule Cnidaria use to capture food?

nematocysts

When did Cnidaria show up in evolutionary history?

580 mya during PreCambrian

Where is Cnidaria found?

exclusively aquatic environments; predominantly marine

What type of animals are hydrozoa usually?

very small, predatory animals, some solitary and some colonial

What body types do Hydrozoa demonstrate?

polyp and medusa

What is the name of the "shelf" seen on the medusa?

velum

How are the polyps usually arranged in Hydrozoa?

colonial

Where are Hydrozoa found?

mostly salt water; very few fresh water

What body form do Hydra possess?

polyp

How do Hydra reproduce asexually? Sexually?

- Asexually by budding

- Testes and Ovaries Sexually

Why are Hydra especially interesting for biologists?

regenerative ability

Where are Hydra found?

Native to temperate and tropical regions

What habitat are Hydra found in?

fresh water animals

What is the diet of Hydra?

aquatic invertebrates

What body form do Obelia possess?

polyp and medusa

What is the specialized structure Obelia use for feeding? For reproduction?

- hydranth (feeding)

- gonangium (reproduction)

Where are Obelia found? Where are the medusa commonly found?

Worldwide except high-arctic and Antarctic seas; Medusa common in coastal and offshore plankton

What habitat are Obelia found in and what is their diet?

Marine and some Freshwater; Feed on zooplankton, worms, and crustaceans

What body form do Portuguese Man of War possess?

siphonophore made up of zooids

What is the name of the specialized structure Portuguese Man of War use as a float?

pneumatophore

What do the stings of Portuguese Man of War cause to humans?

severe pain, leaving whip-like red welts on the skin that normally last 2-3 days; pain can subside after 1-3 hrs depending on person

Where are Portuguese Man of War found? What habitat do they reside?

warm waters of seas around the world; floating on top of oceans

What is the diet of Portuguese Man of War?

consume small fish, plankton, and crustaceans

What body form do Gonionemus possess?

small jelly (medusa)

What are Gonionemus often called?

Clinging Jelly

Where are Gonionemus found? Where are the medusa commonly found?

warmer regions of Atlantic and Indo-Pacific oceans; medusa is free-swimming

What habitat are Gonionemus found in?

Attach to eelgrass, sea lettuce, or various algae

Diet of Gonionemus?

small fish and zooplankton

What are Scyphozoa usually called?

true jellies

What makes the medusa of a scyphozoa different from the hydrozoa?

lack a vellum

Where are Scyphozoa found? What habitat are they found in?

worldwide oceans; exclusively marine, can be found close to shore in shallow waters, but thrive in eutrophic conditions

How are Scyphozoa Moon Jellies often recognized?

4 horseshoe-shaped gonads

What are Scyphozoa Moon Jellies only capable of when they swim?

limited motion; drifts with current

Where are Scyphozoa Moon Jellies found? What habitat?

most of world's oceans; found in estuaries and harbors

What is the diet of Scyphozoa Moon Jellies?

medusae, plankton, and mollusks

What makes the class Anthozoa different from the other cnidarians?

do not have a medusa stage in development

What does the word Anthozoa mean?

flower animal- from greek

How are Anthozoa grouped?

solitary or in large colonies

Where are Anthozoa found?

world oceans

What habitats are Anthozoa found in?

sessile on the ocean floor or rocky shores

What body shape do Anthozoa Sea Anemones have?

rougly cylindrical w/ mouth on top and foot on bottom

What color are Anthozoa Sea Anemones?

deep gren to light yellowish and grey

Where are Anthozoa Sea Anemones found? What habitat?

intertidal zones; low tide zone in calmer waters

What is the diet of Anthozoa Sea Anemones?

small fish, snails, limpets, crabs, and other marine life

What is a coral group?

colony of myriad genetically identical polyps

What do Coral create over generations?

large exoskeleton

Where are Coral found?

worldwide, mostly tropical and subtropical seas in shallow to deeper waters depending on species

What is the diet of Coral? What is the name of the symbiotic algae?

small fish, plankton, and food from symbiotic algae called zooanthellae

What structure do the polyps of Sea Fans take?

erect, flattened, branching, and reminiscent of a fan

What chemical do Sea Fans produce? What is it used for?

Diterpenes for protection; some are important candidates for new drugs

Where are Sea Fans found? What habitat?

worldwide oceans, mainly in tropics and subtropics; typically shallow waters

Diet of Sea Fans?

Plankton

How are Ctenophora separated from other animals?

radial symmetry

What type of organization do Ctenophora have?

tissue-level

What body plan do Ctenophora have?

sac that surrounds a gastrovascular cavity

What does the word Ctenophora mean?

comb-bearer

How do Ctenophora differ from the Cnidarians?

contain comb plates w/ cilia for movement and tentacles that contain colloblasts instead of nematocysts to capture prey

What are Ctenophora known for among the animal kingdom?

largest animal to move by cilia found on their combs

When did Ctenophora show up in the evolutionary history?

510 mya (early Cambrian)

Where are Ctenophora found?

marine habitats worldwide

What is the evidence that Lophotrochozoans are monophyletic?

molecular rRNA

What phyla belong in the clade Lophotrochozoans?

platyhleminthes, rotifera, ectoprocta, brachiopoda, nemertea, mollusca, annelida

What are the two main groups of Lophotrochozoans and what characteristics do they have?

- Trochozoans (have larvae form w/ ring of cilia around its middle)

- Lophophorates (horse-shoe shaped structure covered with ciliated tentacles)

What characteristic is responsible for the branching off of Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) from earlier animals? What characteristic first shows up in this phylum?

- Acoelomate body cavity (no space between the gastrovascular cavity and the muscles)

- First to demonstrate bilateral symmetry

What level of organization do Platyhelminthes demonstrate?

organ system level

How many tissue layers do Platyhelminthes have?

triploblastic

What type of digestive system is seen in Platyhelminthes?

Gastrovascular Cavity

When did Platyhelminthes first show up in evolutionary history?

unknown

Where are Platyhelminthes found?

free-living and parasitic species worldwide

What flatworms are included in the class Turbellarians?

all sub-groups that are not exclusively parasitic

What are Turbellarian - Flatworms known for?

regenerative skills