Middle Ages
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30 Terms
Feudalism
A system where political authority is exercised by the landed nobility who share power with kings.
Manorialism
Agricultural organization of Europe's landed estates, known as manors, serving as the primary economic system of the Middle Ages.
Knight
A heavy cavalry soldier who was the preferred military unit in feudal Europe.
Peasant
A laborer required to work the land, tied to it, but not a slave.
Vassal
A person who receives a grant of land from a lord in exchange for loyalty and service.
Fief
A piece of land granted to a vassal in return for service.
Obligations of the Feudal Contract
The lord must protect the vassal, while the vassal must protect the lord and offer advice.
Law of Primogeniture
The practice of passing down property and titles to the eldest son.
Three-field system
An agricultural system that rotates crops and allows for more efficient use of land.
Abelard and Heloise
A famous pair from medieval France known for their affair, which resulted in Heloise becoming pregnant.
Synod of Clermont
A meeting where Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade, offering forgiveness of sins to those who participated.
Thomas Becket
Archbishop of Canterbury who opposed King Henry II, leading to his martyrdom and eventual sainthood.
Magna Carta
A charter signed in 1215 that limited the king's power and established certain legal rights for subjects.
Estates General
France's representative body established by Philip IV, consisting of three estates: nobility, clergy, and commoners.
Crusader States
Territories in the Middle East established by Crusaders, organized according to the European feudal system.
Holy Roman Empire
A political entity in central Europe, revitalized by Otto I's conquests and combining German and Italian territories.
Knights Templar
A monastic military order formed during the Crusades, tasked with protecting Christian pilgrims.
Albigensian Crusade
A campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III against the Albigensians in France, seen as heretics.
Philip II Augustus
French king who strengthened royal power and gained significant territories from England.
Frederick Barbarossa
Holy Roman Emperor who participated in the Third Crusade and was known for his military prowess.
Abelard
A philosopher and theologian known for his affair with Heloise.
Heloise
Known for her affair with Abelard and later became a respected abbess.
Pope Urban II
The Pope who called for the First Crusade at the Synod of Clermont.
Thomas Becket
The Archbishop of Canterbury who
Pope Urban II
The Pope who called for the First Crusade at the Synod of Clermont.
Thomas Becket
Archbishop of Canterbury who opposed King Henry II, leading to his martyrdom and eventual sainthood.
Philip II Augustus
French king who strengthened royal power and gained significant territories from England.
Frederick Barbarossa
Holy Roman Emperor who participated in the Third Crusade and was known for his military prowess.
Abelard
A philosopher and theologian known for his affair with Heloise.
Heloise
Known for her affair with Abelard and later became a respected abbess.