Antibiotics Key Points Vocabulary

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering antibiotic classes, specific drug examples, key side effects, and important clinical considerations based on the lecture notes.

$\beta$-lactams

A class of frequently first-line antibiotics including Ampicillin, Cephalexin, and Meropenem, known for safety and efficacy but associated with side effects like diarrhea, seizures at high doses, and allergy.

Penicillin allergy labels

Only about $10\%$ of labels representing this condition represent a true allergy.

Fluoroquinolones FDA Boxed Warnings

Official warnings regarding risks of Tendonitis, tendon rupture, CNS effects, peripheral neuropathy, and the worsening of existing myasthenia gravis.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa oral options

Specific Fluoroquinolones that can be administered orally for this organism include Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Delafloxacin.

Moxifloxacin

A Fluoroquinolone that should be avoided for UTI because it achieves low urine concentrations.

Aminoglycosides

A class including Tobramycin and Amikacin, primarily used as monotherapy only for UTIs due to risks of Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.

Oxazolidinones

A class including Linezolid and Tedizolid, which requires caution regarding DDIs with SSRIs and MAOIs that can lead to Serotonin Syndrome.

Tetracyclines pediatric restriction

Avoided in patients aged $8$ years or less due to risks of tooth discoloration, enamel hypoplasia, and bone growth inhibition.

Doxycycline renal dosing

A Tetracycline that does not require dose adjustments for renal function.

Macrolides

A class including Azithromycin used for atypical organisms; associated with QTc prolongation and diarrhea.

Erythromycin

A Macrolide that acts as a motilin agonist, frequently causing diarrhea.

Rifampin

A Rifamycin that is a potent inducer of CYP enzymes and can cause red/orange discoloration of secretions.

Vancomycin IV infusion guideline

To prevent infusion-related histamine release, each gram should be infused over at least $60$ minutes.

MRSA nasal swabs

A diagnostic tool with a high negative predictive value for pneumonia.

Daptomycin

A Lipopeptide used for MRSA that should not be used for pneumonia because it is inactivated by surfactant.

Metronidazole

A Nitroimidazole with an FDA Boxed Warning for being carcinogenic in mice and rats; requires avoiding alcohol to prevent a disulfiram-like reaction.

Clindamycin

A Lincosamide often used for penicillin-allergic patients and for toxin mediation in Strep and Staph infections.

SMX/TMP

A Sulfa drug that can cause blood dyscrasias and electrolyte imbalances such as hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and hyponatremia.

Tigecycline

A Glycylcycline that is not suitable for bloodstream infections because it does not stay in the serum; notable for causing significant nausea and vomiting.

Nitrofurantoin

A Nitrofuran used for UTIs that should be avoided if CrCl is below $30$ and can cause pulmonary fibrosis with prolonged use.

Fosfomycin

A Phosphonic acid derivative that is generally well tolerated but should not be used for upper UTI (pyelonephritis).

Fidaxomicin

A Macrolide derivative only indicated for the treatment of C. difficile.