BCH4024 Exam 1 Quiz 1 content

what is a protein

a long chain of amino acids that can function as an enzyme, structure element, signal receptor, and transporter

what is a proteome

the sum of all proteins functioning in a cell

what is proteomics

the systematic characterization of the protein complement under a specific set of conditions

what is a polysaccharide

a polymer of simple sugars

where can polysaccharides be found

fuel stores, rigid structure of cell walls of plants and bacteria, extracellular recognition

what is a lipid

a water insoluble hydrocarbonw

where are lipids found

structural component of membrane, fuel store, pigments, intraceullar signals

define amiphipathic

a molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

what is a stereoisomer

moleucles with the same chemical bonds and same chemical formula but different bond orientation

what is a geometric isomer

molecules that share the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space

what is a enantiomer

non superimposible mirror images of a molecule

what is a diastereomer

stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. They have the same atomic connectivity but different spatial arrangements

what is the stereoisomer formula

2^n where n is the number of chiral centers

what is a photo autotroph

an organism that uses light to create a hydrocarbon and O2 from CO2 and H2O

what is a chemotroph

organisms that obtain their energy by oxidizing chemical compounds by reacting a hydrocarbon with oxygen to create H2O CO2 and energy

what is the symbol of entropy

S

what does entropy represent

disorder of a system

what is the symbol of free energy

G

what does free energy represent

the energy available in a system to do useful work

what does a positive G mean

energy is added or absorbed by the reaction

what does a negative G mean

energy is released from the reaction

what is the symbol of enthalpy

H

what does enthalpy represent

represent the total heat content

what is the gibbs free energy equation

delta G = delta H - T delta S

define Keq

Keq is the equilibrium constant of all products divided by the reactants

what does a Keq > 1 mean

products are favored, reaction is spontaneous, delta G is < 0

what does Keq < 1 mean

reactants are favored, reaction is not spontaneous, delta G is > 0

what does Keq = 0 mean

equilibrium is reached

what is process of duplicating DNA into mRNA

transcription

what is the process of turning mRNA into a protein

translation

what is a codon

a 3 DNA base code for one amino acid

what is an anticodon

a 3 complementary RNA base code for one amino acid

define wild type

an unmutated cell

what is a homolog

a gene, protein, or physical structure that shares a common evolutionary ancestor with another

what is a paralog

a gene or protein related to another gene in the same organism through a process called gene duplication

what is an ortholog

genes in different species that evolved from a single common ancestral gene via speciation

what is an analog

proteins with similarities but no detectable sequence similarities