Why had international peace collapsed by 1939?

Unit 2 Part 1

George Clemenceau

French Prime Minister who attended the Paris Peace Conference.
Revenge, punish, peace.

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. President who attended the Paris Peace Conference.

Peace (14 points)

David Lloyd George

British Prime Minister who attended the Paris Peace Conference.

Peace and punish.

How did WW1 start?

1914, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

How did WW2 end?

11/11, 1918, Germany signs armistice with Allies.

Paris Peace Conference

1919-1920: Allies meet at Versailles and create treaties

Points for Treaty of Versailles

Blame

Reparations

Army

Territory

Disarmament for Germany

6 battle ships and 100,000 men

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

-no more secret treaties

-smaller weapons and army

-self determination

-people choose leaders

-organization to protect countries

Self determination

Nations have the right to govern themselves independantly

War Guilt Clause

Germany must accept responsibility for starting WW1

Demilitariziation

Removal of military forces from a specific area

Rhineland

The Treaty of Versailles demilitarized.

Germany (Hitler) remilitarizes 1936

Saar Basin

Germany region rich in coal, given to the League of Nation for 15 years.

Danzig

A formally German city located in Poland which was freed and protected by the treaty and league.

Ruhr valley

1923: Invaded by French troops which took its natural resources after Germany failed to pay reparations.

Alsace-Lorraine

France regains in the Treaty of Versailles.

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

1918: Signed by Soviet Russia and Central Powers, which led to Russia withdrawing from WW1.

Successor state

New smaller countriwa formed after a larger country has been divided up

Mandated territories

Former German possessions placed under League of Nations

Weimar Government

1918-1933: Weimar Republic which held a very democratic system.

diktat

German word for dictated peace.

Hyperinflation

Germany began to print extra money due to reparations/Ruhr invasion so the mark became worthless

The Dawes Plan

For resolving the economic crisis in Germany over reparations.

1924:

1. Germany mainly pays France

2. Germany pays less so that it can use the money for its own people

3. France takes soldiers out of Germany

4. USA lends money to Germany

The Young Plan

1929:

Replaced the Dawes Plan

→ Money was to be reduced/paid over 60 years

The end of reparations

1932:

1. Great Depression

2. Nazis refuse to pay

Weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles

1. Japan and Italy left dissatisfied

2. Germany felt it was too strict

3. The United States did not join the League of Nations

Creation of the League of Nations

One of Wilson’s Fourteen Points

= A new organization to protect all countries

Aims of the League of Nations

Stop wars

Improve lives and jobs

Disarmament

Enforce the Treaty of Versailles

Weaknesses of the League of Nations

Weak: no army, only sanctions

America: strong nation never joined

Structure: Member could not agree, inefficient

Depression: Countries too worried about themselves

Unsuccessful: More failures = less trust

Members: Italy and Japan betrayed, France and Britain useless

Bullies: Germany, Italy, and Japan was unstoppable by League.

Members of the League of Nations

✅Britain and France dominated

→ More interested in their own empires

✅Japan and Italy (Still made about peace conferences)

❌USA

❌Russia and Germany

Structure of the League of Nations

Official in Geneva: Secretariats

Worldwide problems: Committees and commisions

Real power: League council = France, Britain, Italy, Japan (rich and powerful)

Smaller states: Had their says at assemblies once a year.

Raymond Poincaré

1913-1920: President of France

→ Led France through WW1

Gustave Stresemann

1923: Chancellor of Germany

→ After hyperinflation: Gets workers in Ruhr back to work and says he will start paying reparations again

When was the Wall Street Crash

1929

Causes of the Great Depression

-1929: Stock Market Crash

-Closing of banks

How did the Great Depression have a global effect

• USA stops loans → Countries become poorer

• USA stops importing → Countries can’t sell their goods → Countries become poorer

• Unemployment rises in the USA → Government introduces tariffs → Other countries cannot afford → Countries become poorer

Tariff

A tax imposed by government on imported goods

Far left

Everybody should be equal

(Communism)

Far right

Strong rules and leaders

(Republican, Nationalist)

Manchuria

1931: Invaded by Japan

Abyssinia Crisis

1944: Invaded by Italy (Benito Mussolini)

Benito Mussolini

Created facism

Wanted to recreate Roman Empire

Anglo-German Naval Agreement

1935: Agreement between UK and Germany to limit size of Germanys navy = appeasement

Anti-Comintern Pact

1937: Agreement between Germany and Japan + Italy, they were all against the Communist International (Soviet Union)

Stresa Front

1935: Agreement between France, Britain, and Italy to oppose Nazi Germany’s rearmament, which was against the Treaty of Versailles.

Anschluss

Union/Joining.

1938: Nazi Germany annex of Austria.

Munich Agreement

1938: Agreement between France and Britain with Hitler that Hitler would ONLY take Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia.

Spanish Civil War

1936-39: Hitler + Mussolini support Fransisco Franco in facism.

Mussolini betrays France and Britian.

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.

1939: Agreement between Nazi Germany and USSR of 10 year non-agression.

In secret: Split up Poland.

Start of World War 2

1939: German invasion of Poland

Pan-Asianism

Asian nations come together against Western imperialism.

Saar Plebiscite

1935: Saar returned to Germany after a plebiscite (90% favor)