History Final

Enlightenment

An intellectual and philosophical movement in 18th-century Europe emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism toward traditional authority, leading to advancements in science, politics, and society.

Voltaire

French Enlightenment philosopher advocating civil liberties, including freedom of speech and religion, expressed through satire and philosophical essays.

JS Bach

Prolific German Baroque composer known for mastery of counterpoint, harmonic complexity, and compositions in sacred and secular music.

Enlightened Despot

Monarch ruling with absolute authority but implementing reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideals like religious tolerance and legal advancements.

Frederick the Great

King of Prussia known for military successes, administrative reforms, patronage of the arts, and role as an enlightened despot.

Seven Years War (1756-1763)

Global conflict involving major European powers fought over colonial and territorial disputes in Europe, North America, and India.

First Estate in France

Clergy, highest-ranking social class in pre-revolutionary France enjoying privileges, exemptions from taxes, and certain laws.

Clergy

Ordained religious officials responsible for conducting ceremonies and providing spiritual guidance, typically organized hierarchically.

Bastille

Paris fortress and prison symbolizing royal tyranny, stormed by revolutionaries on July 14, 1789, marking the start of the French Revolution.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution, defeating French colonial rule and establishing the first independent black-led nation in the Americas.

Napoleon’s greatest victory Austerlitz

Battle of Austerlitz (1805) where Napoleon's forces decisively defeated Austria and Russia, solidifying his reputation as a military genius.

The steam engine

Invention converting heat energy into mechanical work, powering the Industrial Revolution and enabling mechanized production and transportation.

Watt

James Watt, Scottish inventor improving the steam engine's efficiency for various industrial applications.

"The Liberator" South America

Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan leader liberating several South American countries from Spanish colonial rule.

Hungarians in the Revolt of 1848

Nationalist uprising in Hungary against Habsburg rule for independence and democracy, suppressed by Austrian and Russian forces.

Louis (Lajos) Kossuth

Hungarian lawyer and politician advocating for Hungarian independence and democratic reforms during the Revolution of 1848.

Bismarck

Otto von Bismarck, Prussian statesman unifying German states into a powerful German Empire through diplomatic maneuvers and wars.

Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian general and nationalist central to the unification of Italy through military campaigns and uprisings.

Communist Manifesto

Political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels advocating for the overthrow of capitalism by the working class and a classless society.

Friedrich Engels

German philosopher and co-author of the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx, contributing to Marxist theory.

Karl Marx

German philosopher and revolutionary socialist laying the groundwork for modern communism and socialism through critiques of capitalism and proletarian revolution.

Santa Anna

Mexican general and politician dominating Mexican politics in the 19th century, playing a role in conflicts like the Texas Revolution and Mexican-American War.

Maximilian

Archduke of Austria installed as Emperor of Mexico by French intervention but overthrown and executed by Mexican republican forces.

Marshall plan

American initiative providing economic aid to Western European countries post-World War II to rebuild infrastructure, stabilize economies, and prevent communism spread.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary leader establishing a communist regime in Cuba after overthrowing Fulgencio Batista's government in 1959.

Cuba

Island nation in the Caribbean with a socialist government closely tied to the Soviet Union during the Cold War, led by Fidel Castro.

Treaty of Trianon -- Hungary

Peace treaty in 1920 ending World War I for Hungary, resulting in significant territorial losses and border changes.

1956 Hungarian Revolution

Nationwide revolt against Soviet-backed Hungarian authorities in 1956 demanding political reform, national independence, and withdrawal of Soviet troops, suppressed by Soviet forces.

Margaret Thatcher

British Prime Minister known for conservative policies like privatization, deregulation, and a strong stance against trade unions, earning the nickname "The Iron Lady."

"Glasnost" (openness)

Policy of increased transparency and openness initiated by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s to reform the Soviet system.

Gorbachev

Last General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union known for policies of glasnost and perestroika aiming to reform the Soviet Union.

November 1989 Berlin Wall Fell

Event marking the opening of the Berlin Wall, symbolizing the end of the division between

Schutzstaffel (SS)

A paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, responsible for war crimes and atrocities.

Gleichschaltung

The Nazi process of coordinating and controlling all aspects of German society to consolidate power and enforce ideological conformity.

National Socialist (Nazi)

A political ideology associated with Adolf Hitler, characterized by extreme nationalism, racism, and authoritarianism.

Communist

Advocates for a classless society with common ownership of production means, often linked to Marxism.

Fascist

Political ideology with authoritarianism, nationalism, and totalitarianism, emphasizing state supremacy over individual rights.

Versailles

The opulent Palace near Paris, where the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919, ending World War I.

Methodism

Protestant Christian movement founded by John Wesley, focusing on personal piety, social justice, and evangelism.

John Wesley

English cleric and theologian, founder of Methodism, known for evangelical preaching and social activism.